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Good afternoon everyone from 

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the World Health Organization 

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headquarters in Geneva. uh it’s 

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5 PM and it’s time uh for us to 

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answer your questions about 

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covid-nineteen. Uh I’m joined 

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with by Doctor Mike and Doctor 

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Maria as usual and today as 

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we’ve been receiving a lot of 

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questions about the the new 

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nineteen virus variants um we 

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will be taking questions on 

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this subject and uh if you’re 

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watching us on Twitter, please 

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use the #ask if you’re watching 

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us on other platforms. Leave 

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your questions by comment. 

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Section uh good afternoon. Mike 

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Maria Thank you for your time 

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uh today and um while we’re 

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waiting for our viewers to send 

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her new questions um what I 

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found already that will be 

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received as um about the 

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variants Maybe we can start 

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with what do we know at the 

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moment um about the new 

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variants um where are they 

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spreading how much are they 

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spreading and um what are what 

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are we doing sure so when I 

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first start by saying happy 

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birthday, thank you so it’s 

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alex’s birthday and. So we just 

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wanna wish you a very happy 

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birthday and thanks for having 

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us and doing this on your 

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birthday. Thank you you’re so 

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uh now down to your question. 

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So it’s a big question that you 

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ask about these virus variants 

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so if we could break it down a 

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little bit, maybe because I’ve 

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been getting a lot of questions 

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on this as well and these virus 

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variant are changes in the 

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virus and normally when we are 

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when a virus circulates um it 

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changes and there are mutations 

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and these are changes in the 

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genetic sequence when it when 

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it replicates. And when a virus 

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variance, you may have more 

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than one mutation so a number 

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of countries um are tracking 

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changes in the virus over time 

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and they have identified these 

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virus variance that people have 

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heard about there are couple 

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that we are tracking right now 

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um the first one was identified 

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in the United Kingdom um and 

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this virus variant has a number 

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of mutations and changes in the 

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virus itself um and and when 

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there’s change in a virus you 

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need to. Ask several questions 

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you know what is this mean? 

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What does it mean in terms of 

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the transmission? um does it 

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transmit more easily? Does it 

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transmit faster? Um does it 

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cause a change in the way that 

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the disease presents in terms 

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of the symptoms and signs and 

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symptoms people have does it 

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cause more severe disease or 

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more death and then we also 

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want to know does the virus 

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variant change our ability to 

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detect it with uh diagnostics. 

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Does it change our ability to 

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treat it with therapeutics and 

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will it have any impact? On 

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vaccines, so if we break it 

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down um in different elements 

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of it, the first thing is 

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around transmission 

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transmission ands stability. So 

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there’s a virus that has been 

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identified in the United 

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Kingdom. There’s a separate 

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virus variant that’s been 

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identified in South Africa. We 

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know it’s different because it 

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has a different combination of 

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mutations and we can tell by 

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comparing the sequences there 

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are other variants that are we 

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are tracking in uh Brazil um 

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and you know there have been. 

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And mutations we’ve been 

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tracking since the beginning, 

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the first one that we uh 

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identified was called the d one 

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fourG if people have been 

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watching our press conferences, 

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they’ve probably heard to say 

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that was a single mutation and 

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that virus was first detected 

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at the end of January early 

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February and by June, it was 

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the dominant strain that was 

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circulating around the world 

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and this is what happens 

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viruses want to become more fit 

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and they want to transmit and 

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infect. More people um the 

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Bavarian in the United Kingdom 

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um there is uh work that’s 

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being done to understand how it 

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transmits and there’s a 

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suggestion from the data from 

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the analysis that it does 

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transmit more uh readily than 

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um the other Cypress Cove two 

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viruses that are circulating um 

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and we know this through some 

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epidemiologist analysis and 

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modeling and it’s an increase 

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in transmission um from like 

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around 1.1 reproduction number 

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to about 1.5 um and that sounds 

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really. Scary and it and it’s 

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not good that you have 

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increased transit, but it’s 

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still we can still see in these 

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countries where this virus is 

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circulating. that transmission 

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is reduced with public health 

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and social measures that are in 

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place um and then in South 

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Africa um this variant that’s 

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been identified in South 

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Africa. It’s called 501 y btwo 

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um you can stop me if I’m 

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talking too much because it’s 

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so much information and if I’m 

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not being clear, please stop 

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me. Alex Okay um because uh 

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it’s it is. A lot it is a lot 

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to cover so in South Africa um 

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South African researchers um 

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identified this virus variant 

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because in twenty and they 

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increased their sequencing 

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capacity across the country. 

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It’s an incredible and 

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achievement um and this virus 

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variant um is circulating in a 

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number of areas in South Africa 

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and it’s replaced other viruses 

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that were circulate other stars 

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Kobe two viruses that were 

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circulating there um and both 

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the south. Can the variant 

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identified in South Africa and 

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the variant identified in the 

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United Kingdom? um uh do not 

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seem to present differently in 

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terms of disease um but in in 

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the United Kingdom recently we 

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have seen uh some results that 

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suggest that there maybe an 

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increase in mortality for 

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people people who are infected 

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with this variant compared to 

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other viruses. But the data is 

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very preliminary and there’s a 

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lot of caveats around the 

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announcement that the United 

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Kingdom made the other day 

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about this. The risk of death 

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is still low um, but there is 

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a. Suggestion from some of the 

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analysis that they’ve done that 

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there maybe increased uh 

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severity, but there’s a lot of 

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work that’s being done and 

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there’s scientists all over the 

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world that are working directly 

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with us to help us understand 

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It’s and it’s science in real 

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time. It’s studies that are 

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being done in real time. Thank 

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you. Mary Ann, You mentioned 

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the uh code for each of these 

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trains. so I’m I’m I’m curious. 

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how do you name them? How do 

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you give them this code because 

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they have different numbers 

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different letters so I couldn’t 

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catch any. So how does that 

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work? so there are different 

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Norman creatures There’s 

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different ways that these 

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viruses and variants are named 

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There are three main Norman 

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creatures right now for Sako 

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two and we are working with 

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those three groups to make to 

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come away with a common naming 

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system. It’s too complicated at 

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the moment in the United 

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Kingdom, you have variants of 

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concern 2012, Oh one in South 

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Africa they call their virus 

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variant 501 y vtwo and in 

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Brazil they call their. Variant 

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P one, It’s too confusing for 

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it’s too confusing to speak 

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about um and there are these 

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three systems in place, so we 

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have called a meeting with 

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these three groups and with a 

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few others uh to come away with 

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one common naming system um so 

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that we don’t actually have to 

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name every variance that’s of 

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interest, but we do need to 

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name the ones that are 

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important, the ones that have a 

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potential impact on severity on 

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transmission um and any of them 

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that have any impact on 

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therapeutics and vaccines. the 

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virus variants that have. 

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Detected to date do not seem to 

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have an impact on the vaccines 

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that are in development right 

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now and that’s good news again. 

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It’s preliminary information 

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that we have um, but it’s 

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really important that the 

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viewers understand that the 

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vaccines will will still work 

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these virus variants um but 

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there is a system we have to 

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have a very strong system in 

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place to track them over time 

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and study them because there 

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maybe a point where that maybe 

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different. so we need to be in 

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a good place where we’re 

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working with all of our 

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partners to study them 

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properly. but the naming is 

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something that we will work to 

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fix uh very soon because I 

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struggled. To actually describe 

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them myself, and I’m sure the 

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viewers find it very difficult 

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to follow all of these 

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different names. There is a 

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common but if I may read from 

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Kumar hard to understand so 

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many biomedical terms need a 

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simple explanation about the 

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Coven News Okay. Yeah, I said 

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it, I said it before and in a 

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sense, imagine I’m gonna use a 

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sports analogy right now. 

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you’re gonna kill me with uh 

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imagine we’ve we’re we’re in 

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the second half of the game. We 

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finished the year uh and the 

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opposite. Uh has just 

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introduced a substitute or some 

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replacements on the other side 

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uh they have a burst of energy. 

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They’re a little fitter. 

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They’re a little faster Um now 

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we have a choice to make we 

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need to. We can either decide 

285
00:13:44,067 --> 00:13:45,868
Oh, that’s it. We’ve lost the 

286
00:13:45,868 --> 00:13:47,201
game. There’s nothing we can do 

287
00:13:47,201 --> 00:13:49,801
or we can actually analyze what 

288
00:13:49,801 --> 00:13:51,201
does that mean? Do we throw our 

289
00:13:51,201 --> 00:13:53,067
game plan out the window and 

290
00:13:53,067 --> 00:13:54,601
start all over again or do we 

291
00:13:54,601 --> 00:13:55,135
look at our game plan Look at 

292
00:13:55,135 --> 00:13:57,201
the behavior of the other team 

293
00:13:57,201 --> 00:14:00,201
and a job. And adapt what we 

294
00:14:00,201 --> 00:14:01,367
need to adapt and move on and 

295
00:14:01,367 --> 00:14:04,001
teams of when are the teams 

296
00:14:04,001 --> 00:14:05,501
that are able to not panic when 

297
00:14:05,501 --> 00:14:08,435
the other team makes a change 

298
00:14:08,435 --> 00:14:10,935
uh the rules of the game 

299
00:14:10,935 --> 00:14:12,167
haven’t changed what happened? 

300
00:14:12,167 --> 00:14:13,035
What’s happened is essentially 

301
00:14:13,035 --> 00:14:15,135
that the opposition player has 

302
00:14:15,135 --> 00:14:16,801
just made itself a little 

303
00:14:16,801 --> 00:14:19,101
fitter and faster um and we 

304
00:14:19,101 --> 00:14:20,868
need to react to that. uh this 

305
00:14:20,868 --> 00:14:22,468
happens. this is this is a 

306
00:14:22,468 --> 00:14:24,067
virus is evolved. They just 

307
00:14:24,067 --> 00:14:26,668
change we change um that’s how 

308
00:14:26,668 --> 00:14:28,002
we’ve developed as a species uh 

309
00:14:28,002 --> 00:14:30,934
we. We are able every unique 

310
00:14:30,934 --> 00:14:32,901
individual that’s born is born 

311
00:14:32,901 --> 00:14:35,068
with a set of attributes that 

312
00:14:35,068 --> 00:14:37,601
are different to the all 

313
00:14:37,601 --> 00:14:38,601
previous human beings Uh 

314
00:14:38,601 --> 00:14:41,201
sometimes we’re a bit taller 

315
00:14:41,201 --> 00:14:42,735
bit stronger a bit wiser We 

316
00:14:42,735 --> 00:14:45,801
hope uh a bit kinder but all of 

317
00:14:45,801 --> 00:14:47,101
our traits all of our physical 

318
00:14:47,101 --> 00:14:49,201
and mental traits and others 

319
00:14:49,201 --> 00:14:50,669
are driven by our genetics and 

320
00:14:50,669 --> 00:14:52,201
the environment in which we 

321
00:14:52,201 --> 00:14:53,868
live in the to interact even 

322
00:14:53,868 --> 00:14:55,201
within humans, the environment 

323
00:14:55,201 --> 00:14:57,801
actually uh affects the 

324
00:14:57,801 --> 00:14:59,601
expression of ours. uh. In that 

325
00:14:59,601 --> 00:15:01,968
sense, uh we’re the same 

326
00:15:01,968 --> 00:15:05,068
biologic entities uh viruses 

327
00:15:05,068 --> 00:15:08,501
are uh uh as Maria in the past 

328
00:15:08,501 --> 00:15:10,067
viruses are unique in that they 

329
00:15:10,067 --> 00:15:12,533
cannot live outside the house. 

330
00:15:12,533 --> 00:15:12,967
They must immediately find 

331
00:15:12,967 --> 00:15:15,201
another host and they must 

332
00:15:15,201 --> 00:15:16,801
infect a human cells. so it’s a 

333
00:15:16,801 --> 00:15:18,067
desperate and very, they have a 

334
00:15:18,067 --> 00:15:20,601
very short time to get from a 

335
00:15:20,601 --> 00:15:22,933
to B to get from one human 

336
00:15:22,933 --> 00:15:24,801
being to the next so therefore 

337
00:15:24,801 --> 00:15:26,035
it’s a big race and there are 

338
00:15:26,035 --> 00:15:27,467
millions of viruses in that 

339
00:15:27,467 --> 00:15:29,001
race literally billions right 

340
00:15:29,001 --> 00:15:32,034
so the ones that get there. And 

341
00:15:32,034 --> 00:15:32,801
the ones that get there are 

342
00:15:32,801 --> 00:15:35,268
more numbers are more likely to 

343
00:15:35,268 --> 00:15:36,735
be successful. So it’s a game 

344
00:15:36,735 --> 00:15:40,201
of numbers if I’m able as a 

345
00:15:40,201 --> 00:15:43,134
virus uh if my proteins 

346
00:15:43,134 --> 00:15:44,635
combined to the human cell, 

347
00:15:44,635 --> 00:15:46,734
more effectively stick more 

348
00:15:46,734 --> 00:15:48,101
effectively if more of my 

349
00:15:48,101 --> 00:15:49,367
family of viruses more of my 

350
00:15:49,367 --> 00:15:50,967
particular mutation or more of 

351
00:15:50,967 --> 00:15:53,501
my strain combined, therefore, 

352
00:15:53,501 --> 00:15:54,668
I’m just more successful and 

353
00:15:54,668 --> 00:15:57,501
then I invade more sales and 

354
00:15:57,501 --> 00:15:58,235
then I make the person make 

355
00:15:58,235 --> 00:16:01,533
more virus and that. Virus 

356
00:16:01,533 --> 00:16:03,367
level will be higher and in 

357
00:16:03,367 --> 00:16:04,468
that situation that individual 

358
00:16:04,468 --> 00:16:06,034
is then more likely to transmit 

359
00:16:06,034 --> 00:16:08,034
to the next individual, which 

360
00:16:08,034 --> 00:16:10,134
means I won the race with all 

361
00:16:10,134 --> 00:16:12,034
my virus pals. I got there 

362
00:16:12,034 --> 00:16:13,434
first and I did a more 

363
00:16:13,434 --> 00:16:14,201
successful job and that’s what 

364
00:16:14,201 --> 00:16:16,368
we mean by being fitter as the 

365
00:16:16,368 --> 00:16:18,002
viruses evolve, some of the 

366
00:16:18,002 --> 00:16:20,501
some of the mutations don’t 

367
00:16:20,501 --> 00:16:22,101
suit the virus. In fact, many 

368
00:16:22,101 --> 00:16:24,468
most of the mutations are 

369
00:16:24,468 --> 00:16:25,635
detrimental to the worst. It’s 

370
00:16:25,635 --> 00:16:28,033
a lottery for the virus too. Uh 

371
00:16:28,033 --> 00:16:29,268
most of these changes are 

372
00:16:29,268 --> 00:16:32,935
random uh and Is a natural 

373
00:16:32,935 --> 00:16:35,002
selection in a sense the 

374
00:16:35,002 --> 00:16:36,968
evolutionary pressure is that 

375
00:16:36,968 --> 00:16:39,669
those viruses that evolve that 

376
00:16:39,669 --> 00:16:42,067
have an advantage survive and 

377
00:16:42,067 --> 00:16:44,501
they replace the other viruses 

378
00:16:44,501 --> 00:16:47,401
one replaces the other um and 

379
00:16:47,401 --> 00:16:50,268
in that sense we now have uh an 

380
00:16:50,268 --> 00:16:52,901
adversary uh our multiple 

381
00:16:52,901 --> 00:16:55,135
adversaries um that uh we have 

382
00:16:55,135 --> 00:16:56,035
to keep a very close eye and 

383
00:16:56,035 --> 00:16:56,901
that’s what Maria said. The 

384
00:16:56,901 --> 00:16:58,967
most important thing is that we 

385
00:16:58,967 --> 00:17:00,668
have a risk management approach 

386
00:17:00,668 --> 00:17:01,401
that we know where they are, We 

387
00:17:01,401 --> 00:17:03,501
track them we. Understand how 

388
00:17:03,501 --> 00:17:04,567
they’re transmitting we 

389
00:17:04,567 --> 00:17:06,034
understand if they’re more 

390
00:17:06,034 --> 00:17:07,135
severe, we understand they’re 

391
00:17:07,135 --> 00:17:08,501
affecting affecting our 

392
00:17:08,501 --> 00:17:09,834
diagnostics therapeutics or 

393
00:17:09,834 --> 00:17:11,667
they’re affecting our vaccines 

394
00:17:11,667 --> 00:17:12,801
uh and even down the line. 

395
00:17:12,801 --> 00:17:14,001
let’s imagine not at the 

396
00:17:14,001 --> 00:17:14,935
moment. We have no evidence 

397
00:17:14,935 --> 00:17:16,468
this far that the vaccines will 

398
00:17:16,468 --> 00:17:18,034
be any less effective, but that 

399
00:17:18,034 --> 00:17:20,901
can happen look at look at We 

400
00:17:20,901 --> 00:17:23,533
change the vaccine composition 

401
00:17:23,533 --> 00:17:24,901
twice a year for the northern 

402
00:17:24,901 --> 00:17:27,201
southern hemisphere and we’re 

403
00:17:27,201 --> 00:17:28,935
able to issue vaccines very 

404
00:17:28,935 --> 00:17:31,801
quickly uh to combat the 

405
00:17:31,801 --> 00:17:32,968
predominant flu strains every 

406
00:17:32,968 --> 00:17:33,869
year, so there’s no reason even 

407
00:17:33,869 --> 00:17:36,735
down the. If this virus evolves 

408
00:17:36,735 --> 00:17:38,935
to a point where our vaccines 

409
00:17:38,935 --> 00:17:40,868
uh begin to lose effectiveness, 

410
00:17:40,868 --> 00:17:42,001
we can adapt those those 

411
00:17:42,001 --> 00:17:43,268
vaccines and I believe adapt 

412
00:17:43,268 --> 00:17:45,001
those vaccines quickly. so the 

413
00:17:45,001 --> 00:17:47,068
real power we need right now is 

414
00:17:47,068 --> 00:17:48,668
knowledge and information if we 

415
00:17:48,668 --> 00:17:50,934
don’t know what changes are 

416
00:17:50,934 --> 00:17:51,601
happening, then we don’t have 

417
00:17:51,601 --> 00:17:53,401
the ability to make the changes 

418
00:17:53,401 --> 00:17:55,800
we need to make so now that the 

419
00:17:55,800 --> 00:17:58,067
job right now is really 

420
00:17:58,067 --> 00:17:59,669
hardcore monitoring track this 

421
00:17:59,669 --> 00:18:02,067
virus and then on the side of 

422
00:18:02,067 --> 00:18:03,801
the community out there the 

423
00:18:03,801 --> 00:18:04,468
real challenge uh I think for 

424
00:18:04,468 --> 00:18:07,201
everyone is. The less chances 

425
00:18:07,201 --> 00:18:08,301
we give this virus as I said, 

426
00:18:08,301 --> 00:18:10,001
it’s the race from person to 

427
00:18:10,001 --> 00:18:11,201
person doesn’t matter how good 

428
00:18:11,201 --> 00:18:12,601
the virus is if you can’t find 

429
00:18:12,601 --> 00:18:15,602
the other person it dies. so we 

430
00:18:15,602 --> 00:18:17,501
break the chain and the more of 

431
00:18:17,501 --> 00:18:19,534
those chains we break the less 

432
00:18:19,534 --> 00:18:21,601
chance we have of variance 

433
00:18:21,601 --> 00:18:23,201
emerging uh and I think that’s 

434
00:18:23,201 --> 00:18:24,868
going to be. it’s again. It’s 

435
00:18:24,868 --> 00:18:25,901
back to collective 

436
00:18:25,901 --> 00:18:27,068
responsibility. It’s not just 

437
00:18:27,068 --> 00:18:28,434
the job of the scientist. It’s 

438
00:18:28,434 --> 00:18:29,901
not just the job of the vaccine 

439
00:18:29,901 --> 00:18:31,935
makers. It’s not just the job 

440
00:18:31,935 --> 00:18:33,568
of the government. We all have 

441
00:18:33,568 --> 00:18:34,201
a chance to beat the virus and 

442
00:18:34,201 --> 00:18:38,034
its variance. Exactly the same 

443
00:18:38,034 --> 00:18:39,434
things as we’ve been doing for 

444
00:18:39,434 --> 00:18:40,567
the last year, but just doing 

445
00:18:40,567 --> 00:18:43,034
it more carefully more 

446
00:18:43,034 --> 00:18:45,601
consistently um and encouraging 

447
00:18:45,601 --> 00:18:48,602
each other to do that. So um we 

448
00:18:48,602 --> 00:18:50,201
always expected variations on 

449
00:18:50,201 --> 00:18:52,468
the virus. No one wants to have 

450
00:18:52,468 --> 00:18:54,001
to deal with a more complicated 

451
00:18:54,001 --> 00:18:56,269
situation, but uh we’re ready 

452
00:18:56,269 --> 00:18:59,035
for it and uh and I believe uh 

453
00:18:59,035 --> 00:19:00,735
I believe we’re seeing success 

454
00:19:00,735 --> 00:19:02,235
in many countries now in being 

455
00:19:02,235 --> 00:19:04,201
able to at least uh if we look 

456
00:19:04,201 --> 00:19:05,901
at the situation in Denmark, 

457
00:19:05,901 --> 00:19:08,034
Denmark was able to contain its 

458
00:19:08,034 --> 00:19:11,901
very very quickly um and Uh 

459
00:19:11,901 --> 00:19:14,067
South Africa and and again I 

460
00:19:14,067 --> 00:19:14,668
would say in case of South 

461
00:19:14,668 --> 00:19:16,067
Africa, you know shout out to 

462
00:19:16,067 --> 00:19:18,602
them. I mean they’re the 

463
00:19:18,602 --> 00:19:19,535
sophistication of their ability 

464
00:19:19,535 --> 00:19:21,401
to both diagnose and track. 

465
00:19:21,401 --> 00:19:23,535
This variant is incredible and 

466
00:19:23,535 --> 00:19:24,202
again they’re giving a gift to 

467
00:19:24,202 --> 00:19:26,001
the world because they’re 

468
00:19:26,001 --> 00:19:26,535
demonstrating that you can 

469
00:19:26,535 --> 00:19:28,067
track these things. you can’t 

470
00:19:28,067 --> 00:19:30,034
find them and you can manage 

471
00:19:30,034 --> 00:19:30,602
them and then you can go after 

472
00:19:30,602 --> 00:19:31,967
these variants and hopefully 

473
00:19:31,967 --> 00:19:34,067
suppress them, you know um Alex 

474
00:19:34,067 --> 00:19:36,033
a lot of this is you know a lot 

475
00:19:36,033 --> 00:19:36,601
of this was happening in the 

476
00:19:36,601 --> 00:19:38,335
background. all the time for 

477
00:19:38,335 --> 00:19:39,367
other viruses before this 

478
00:19:39,367 --> 00:19:40,668
pandemic happened and now it’s 

479
00:19:40,668 --> 00:19:43,867
happening in. On television is 

480
00:19:43,867 --> 00:19:45,034
happening through press 

481
00:19:45,034 --> 00:19:46,334
conferences, it’s happening. 

482
00:19:46,334 --> 00:19:47,669
you know this is science in 

483
00:19:47,669 --> 00:19:49,401
real time. A lot of people will 

484
00:19:49,401 --> 00:19:50,067
say to me. What does this mean 

485
00:19:50,067 --> 00:19:51,801
for me like I it’s so confusing 

486
00:19:51,801 --> 00:19:53,166
and it’s scary and it’s 

487
00:19:53,166 --> 00:19:55,001
variance and it’s mutations and 

488
00:19:55,001 --> 00:19:57,100
people some people use mutants, 

489
00:19:57,100 --> 00:19:58,701
which makes me think of I’m 

490
00:19:58,701 --> 00:20:02,135
gonna get movies Sci-fi movies 

491
00:20:02,135 --> 00:20:04,133
um, but it means that you know 

492
00:20:04,133 --> 00:20:06,200
what Mike just said about the 

493
00:20:06,200 --> 00:20:07,367
information what we want. 

494
00:20:07,367 --> 00:20:08,935
people to understand is that 

495
00:20:08,935 --> 00:20:10,434
there’s an entire global 

496
00:20:10,434 --> 00:20:11,669
community right now that are so 

497
00:20:11,669 --> 00:20:14,434
fix. And I’m understanding this 

498
00:20:14,434 --> 00:20:16,401
virus and tracking this virus 

499
00:20:16,401 --> 00:20:18,533
as it spreads we have had more 

500
00:20:18,533 --> 00:20:21,234
than almost 100000000 cases 

501
00:20:21,234 --> 00:20:22,868
that we know about which is 

502
00:20:22,868 --> 00:20:24,801
likely an underestimate because 

503
00:20:24,801 --> 00:20:26,067
of the way that we are able to 

504
00:20:26,067 --> 00:20:27,566
test in the way we aim to carry 

505
00:20:27,566 --> 00:20:29,668
out surveillance around the 

506
00:20:29,668 --> 00:20:31,601
world, but there’s an entire 

507
00:20:31,601 --> 00:20:32,635
global community that is 

508
00:20:32,635 --> 00:20:33,967
tracking this virus and wants 

509
00:20:33,967 --> 00:20:36,467
to understand if it changes 

510
00:20:36,467 --> 00:20:39,633
what is that mean? so we are 

511
00:20:39,633 --> 00:20:41,101
establishing an enhancing the 

512
00:20:41,101 --> 00:20:44,201
surveillance. To detect those 

513
00:20:44,201 --> 00:20:45,900
changes and as we’ve said, most 

514
00:20:45,900 --> 00:20:47,134
of those changes don’t mean 

515
00:20:47,134 --> 00:20:48,035
anything anything for the and 

516
00:20:48,035 --> 00:20:49,368
in fact our detrimental to the 

517
00:20:49,368 --> 00:20:51,167
virus, but the ones that aren’t 

518
00:20:51,167 --> 00:20:52,368
the ones that may have an 

519
00:20:52,368 --> 00:20:54,833
impact we need to be monitoring 

520
00:20:54,833 --> 00:20:56,201
and we need to be monitoring in 

521
00:20:56,201 --> 00:20:57,701
real time, so we have partners 

522
00:20:57,701 --> 00:20:59,067
around the world that are 

523
00:20:59,067 --> 00:21:01,534
looking at the epidemiology 

524
00:21:01,534 --> 00:21:04,067
really closely because um you 

525
00:21:04,067 --> 00:21:05,566
know the more the virus spreads 

526
00:21:05,566 --> 00:21:07,301
the more opportunities it has 

527
00:21:07,301 --> 00:21:08,401
to change and if the 

528
00:21:08,401 --> 00:21:10,133
epidemiology changes or there’s 

529
00:21:10,133 --> 00:21:11,034
something that’s a little bit 

530
00:21:11,034 --> 00:21:14,034
irregular. We will wanna know 

531
00:21:14,034 --> 00:21:15,033
why unexpected we will wanna 

532
00:21:15,033 --> 00:21:16,368
know why if the severity 

533
00:21:16,368 --> 00:21:18,067
profile changes we wanna know 

534
00:21:18,067 --> 00:21:19,433
why and so people are tracking 

535
00:21:19,433 --> 00:21:20,701
that and and then we make sure 

536
00:21:20,701 --> 00:21:23,101
that there’s sequencing 

537
00:21:23,101 --> 00:21:24,634
capacity in all countries not 

538
00:21:24,634 --> 00:21:26,067
just in high-income countries 

539
00:21:26,067 --> 00:21:27,968
and so we’re working to 

540
00:21:27,968 --> 00:21:29,101
leverage different systems that 

541
00:21:29,101 --> 00:21:31,235
are in countries the flu system 

542
00:21:31,235 --> 00:21:32,701
around the world the system, 

543
00:21:32,701 --> 00:21:35,034
which is the foundation of 

544
00:21:35,034 --> 00:21:36,201
respiratory disease 

545
00:21:36,201 --> 00:21:37,901
surveillance, also to 

546
00:21:37,901 --> 00:21:38,968
sequencing and so there are 

547
00:21:38,968 --> 00:21:40,335
many labs around the world that 

548
00:21:40,335 --> 00:21:41,867
are now sequencing for two in 

549
00:21:41,867 --> 00:21:45,033
addition to influenza. There 

550
00:21:45,033 --> 00:21:47,535
are Hiv Labs and TV labs and 

551
00:21:47,535 --> 00:21:49,033
polio labs that do do 

552
00:21:49,033 --> 00:21:50,401
sequencing that can be doing 

553
00:21:50,401 --> 00:21:52,934
sequencing for Sass to pick up 

554
00:21:52,934 --> 00:21:54,701
the ones that maybe really 

555
00:21:54,701 --> 00:21:55,966
important and then we’re 

556
00:21:55,966 --> 00:21:57,501
working with scientists and 

557
00:21:57,501 --> 00:22:00,000
labs and researchers around the 

558
00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:01,700
world to coordinate the studies 

559
00:22:01,700 --> 00:22:04,000
that need to be done um so that 

560
00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:05,834
we understand what each of them 

561
00:22:05,834 --> 00:22:07,935
mean in terms of what we need 

562
00:22:07,935 --> 00:22:09,734
to to do so for from everybody. 

563
00:22:09,734 --> 00:22:10,434
that’s out there. It’s 

564
00:22:10,434 --> 00:22:12,101
important that you know that 

565
00:22:12,101 --> 00:22:13,033
there’s a global community 

566
00:22:13,033 --> 00:22:13,935
tracking this and working on it 

567
00:22:13,935 --> 00:22:17,501
and that we’re setting. Um up 

568
00:22:17,501 --> 00:22:19,134
the systems built on existing 

569
00:22:19,134 --> 00:22:20,335
systems not starting from 

570
00:22:20,335 --> 00:22:23,301
scratch um to understand what 

571
00:22:23,301 --> 00:22:24,534
it means for the test that we 

572
00:22:24,534 --> 00:22:25,734
use when we go to the doctor 

573
00:22:25,734 --> 00:22:28,133
for therapies that we receive 

574
00:22:28,133 --> 00:22:29,368
when we go to hospital and for 

575
00:22:29,368 --> 00:22:31,034
the vaccines that are coming 

576
00:22:31,034 --> 00:22:32,567
online and far these vaccines 

577
00:22:32,567 --> 00:22:34,067
still work um, but but as Mike 

578
00:22:34,067 --> 00:22:35,901
said maybe a time where they 

579
00:22:35,901 --> 00:22:37,968
don’t so we need to make sure 

580
00:22:37,968 --> 00:22:40,901
that the system is robust and 

581
00:22:40,901 --> 00:22:42,300
strong coordinating talking to 

582
00:22:42,300 --> 00:22:44,534
each other. um so that those 

583
00:22:44,534 --> 00:22:45,567
studies can be done very 

584
00:22:45,567 --> 00:22:46,468
quickly. They do take some time 

585
00:22:46,468 --> 00:22:49,368
and then if an alteration. To a 

586
00:22:49,368 --> 00:22:51,033
therapy or vaccine needs to be 

587
00:22:51,033 --> 00:22:53,566
made, then it’s done um so 

588
00:22:53,566 --> 00:22:54,201
there’s a real global 

589
00:22:54,201 --> 00:22:55,867
commitment on this and our 

590
00:22:55,867 --> 00:22:57,601
partners uh around the world 

591
00:22:57,601 --> 00:23:00,067
are really working hard to make 

592
00:23:00,067 --> 00:23:02,002
sure you at home um can feel 

593
00:23:02,002 --> 00:23:04,067
comfortable that you know 

594
00:23:04,067 --> 00:23:05,669
people are on this people are 

595
00:23:05,669 --> 00:23:07,935
working on this. um we there’s 

596
00:23:07,935 --> 00:23:09,734
more to do it’s not over but we 

597
00:23:09,734 --> 00:23:11,269
will inform you um when we 

598
00:23:11,269 --> 00:23:12,601
learn things about these 

599
00:23:12,601 --> 00:23:14,067
variant, it’s hard not to just 

600
00:23:14,067 --> 00:23:16,568
pay attention to the news or to 

601
00:23:16,568 --> 00:23:17,868
dramatic headlines um and it’s 

602
00:23:17,868 --> 00:23:19,700
important to. Make sure that 

603
00:23:19,700 --> 00:23:20,934
you get your information from 

604
00:23:20,934 --> 00:23:23,001
good sources because this is 

605
00:23:23,001 --> 00:23:24,801
important stuff um but try not 

606
00:23:24,801 --> 00:23:27,400
to you know be too fixated on 

607
00:23:27,400 --> 00:23:29,067
the word mutants um but make 

608
00:23:29,067 --> 00:23:31,135
sure that you um you know you 

609
00:23:31,135 --> 00:23:33,000
know that we will inform um as 

610
00:23:33,000 --> 00:23:35,535
soon as we learn anything uh 

611
00:23:35,535 --> 00:23:36,735
about these about these viruses 

612
00:23:36,735 --> 00:23:38,701
and more importantly what they 

613
00:23:38,701 --> 00:23:39,634
need. Thank you. Maria. There 

614
00:23:39,634 --> 00:23:41,433
are a lot of full of questions 

615
00:23:41,433 --> 00:23:43,500
coming um I would start maybe 

616
00:23:43,500 --> 00:23:44,901
with this uh viewer from 

617
00:23:44,901 --> 00:23:47,134
LinkedIn is asking why this 

618
00:23:47,134 --> 00:23:48,801
variant was found in South 

619
00:23:48,801 --> 00:23:49,701
Africa only and not anywhere 

620
00:23:49,701 --> 00:23:52,067
else. You mentioned mentioned 

621
00:23:52,067 --> 00:23:54,434
that we identified some other 

622
00:23:54,434 --> 00:23:56,067
variances uh but we haven’t 

623
00:23:56,067 --> 00:23:57,701
identified them in all 

624
00:23:57,701 --> 00:24:00,034
countries. so maybe you can you 

625
00:24:00,034 --> 00:24:01,568
can explain more about the 

626
00:24:01,568 --> 00:24:03,101
efforts that South Africa has 

627
00:24:03,101 --> 00:24:05,701
done last year um and maybe 

628
00:24:05,701 --> 00:24:08,201
what we need to do more uh to 

629
00:24:08,201 --> 00:24:11,034
be able to identify variants in 

630
00:24:11,034 --> 00:24:12,067
other countries so the 

631
00:24:12,067 --> 00:24:13,769
situation in South Africa is 

632
00:24:13,769 --> 00:24:15,867
really um quite incredible 

633
00:24:15,867 --> 00:24:18,467
story. The South African 

634
00:24:18,467 --> 00:24:19,033
researchers at the end they set 

635
00:24:19,033 --> 00:24:23,567
up a network. For sequencing 

636
00:24:23,567 --> 00:24:24,500
surveillance around the country 

637
00:24:24,500 --> 00:24:26,200
and this is something that has 

638
00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:28,501
enhanced over the last year um 

639
00:24:28,501 --> 00:24:30,367
and what they are doing in many 

640
00:24:30,367 --> 00:24:31,833
countries in South Africa is 

641
00:24:31,833 --> 00:24:34,335
one is that they will sequence 

642
00:24:34,335 --> 00:24:36,400
a portion of the cases that 

643
00:24:36,400 --> 00:24:37,034
that are being detected and 

644
00:24:37,034 --> 00:24:38,568
they were noticing that in part 

645
00:24:38,568 --> 00:24:40,567
of the country, they were 

646
00:24:40,567 --> 00:24:41,000
seeing an increase in 

647
00:24:41,000 --> 00:24:42,400
transmission where they didn’t 

648
00:24:42,400 --> 00:24:43,701
expect it next year. The same 

649
00:24:43,701 --> 00:24:46,034
thing was happening in um the 

650
00:24:46,034 --> 00:24:47,467
United Kingdom as well. There 

651
00:24:47,467 --> 00:24:48,968
was a change there was an 

652
00:24:48,968 --> 00:24:50,301
increase in transmission where 

653
00:24:50,301 --> 00:24:52,200
if there were interval. In 

654
00:24:52,200 --> 00:24:53,768
place, they didn’t expect that 

655
00:24:53,768 --> 00:24:55,334
and so they were looking you 

656
00:24:55,334 --> 00:24:57,301
know why is that and through 

657
00:24:57,301 --> 00:24:58,567
the sequencing network that 

658
00:24:58,567 --> 00:24:59,666
they that they had in South 

659
00:24:59,666 --> 00:25:01,535
they identified this virus 

660
00:25:01,535 --> 00:25:04,067
variance in this virus has a 

661
00:25:04,067 --> 00:25:06,501
number of mutations um that are 

662
00:25:06,501 --> 00:25:09,034
uh they wanted to study even 

663
00:25:09,034 --> 00:25:11,501
further. They contacted us um 

664
00:25:11,501 --> 00:25:12,867
through our virus, Evolution 

665
00:25:12,867 --> 00:25:13,701
Working group, which is a 

666
00:25:13,701 --> 00:25:14,835
working group that we have 

667
00:25:14,835 --> 00:25:17,233
established in June to discuss 

668
00:25:17,233 --> 00:25:17,833
these types of issues and they 

669
00:25:17,833 --> 00:25:19,334
said We have something we wanna 

670
00:25:19,334 --> 00:25:20,701
share with the group. This was 

671
00:25:20,701 --> 00:25:21,633
an early December um and they 

672
00:25:21,633 --> 00:25:24,735
said. Has this one mutation 

673
00:25:24,735 --> 00:25:27,101
that others scientists have 

674
00:25:27,101 --> 00:25:28,767
noticed this mutation in the in 

675
00:25:28,767 --> 00:25:30,735
the spike protein? um 5011 at 

676
00:25:30,735 --> 00:25:34,769
the 50.501 and they they 

677
00:25:34,769 --> 00:25:36,301
identified it through their 

678
00:25:36,301 --> 00:25:38,367
sequencing and they took that 

679
00:25:38,367 --> 00:25:38,967
information and then they were 

680
00:25:38,967 --> 00:25:40,301
carrying out different types of 

681
00:25:40,301 --> 00:25:43,067
studies and a similar thing 

682
00:25:43,067 --> 00:25:44,501
happened in the United Kingdom, 

683
00:25:44,501 --> 00:25:46,934
where in late November early 

684
00:25:46,934 --> 00:25:48,333
December, they were starting to 

685
00:25:48,333 --> 00:25:50,867
see increases in transmission 

686
00:25:50,867 --> 00:25:52,701
in areas in southeast England 

687
00:25:52,701 --> 00:25:53,701
and in London, where there were 

688
00:25:53,701 --> 00:25:55,901
interventions. Were in place 

689
00:25:55,901 --> 00:25:56,735
and they were asking 

690
00:25:56,735 --> 00:25:58,534
themselves. Why is that why is 

691
00:25:58,534 --> 00:25:59,369
that happening and they went 

692
00:25:59,369 --> 00:26:00,133
back and looked at the 

693
00:26:00,133 --> 00:26:01,034
sequencing that they have in 

694
00:26:01,034 --> 00:26:02,601
those countries, but the point 

695
00:26:02,601 --> 00:26:03,834
you raised from the the 

696
00:26:03,834 --> 00:26:05,901
listener the watcher um is how 

697
00:26:05,901 --> 00:26:07,302
do we know? how do how do we 

698
00:26:07,302 --> 00:26:09,701
know if there are variants in 

699
00:26:09,701 --> 00:26:11,868
other places? And that’s why 

700
00:26:11,868 --> 00:26:14,501
the sequencing capacity and the 

701
00:26:14,501 --> 00:26:16,067
genomic epidemiology and the 

702
00:26:16,067 --> 00:26:18,569
analysis with all of those 

703
00:26:18,569 --> 00:26:19,301
sequences is really important 

704
00:26:19,301 --> 00:26:20,567
because we need to have eyes 

705
00:26:20,567 --> 00:26:23,001
and and ears um on these 

706
00:26:23,001 --> 00:26:24,600
viruses in many different 

707
00:26:24,600 --> 00:26:25,167
countries. so we’re working 

708
00:26:25,167 --> 00:26:28,200
with partners. Improve uh 

709
00:26:28,200 --> 00:26:29,335
sequencing capacity around the 

710
00:26:29,335 --> 00:26:30,901
world and making sure that we 

711
00:26:30,901 --> 00:26:32,133
uh leveraging existing labs and 

712
00:26:32,133 --> 00:26:34,701
countries and you know look to 

713
00:26:34,701 --> 00:26:37,200
see if there are academic labs 

714
00:26:37,200 --> 00:26:39,501
Private labs commercial uh 

715
00:26:39,501 --> 00:26:41,101
sequencing capacities that we 

716
00:26:41,101 --> 00:26:42,567
can tap into to help us track 

717
00:26:42,567 --> 00:26:45,101
this virus uh more carefully. 

718
00:26:45,101 --> 00:26:47,435
Thank you. Maria. I think it’s 

719
00:26:47,435 --> 00:26:51,701
um also um remember that uh 

720
00:26:51,701 --> 00:26:54,433
South Africa uh nd there and 

721
00:26:54,433 --> 00:26:56,701
the pastor and the synagogue 

722
00:26:56,701 --> 00:27:00,534
also uh. Uh regional flu 

723
00:27:00,534 --> 00:27:02,867
centers uh and we’re very 

724
00:27:02,867 --> 00:27:03,501
instrumental way back in 

725
00:27:03,501 --> 00:27:05,367
January and February when we 

726
00:27:05,367 --> 00:27:07,035
you know, you know we had the 

727
00:27:07,035 --> 00:27:08,067
genetic sequences just on the 

728
00:27:08,067 --> 00:27:10,467
web and we worked with uh the 

729
00:27:10,467 --> 00:27:12,067
people at charity and they 

730
00:27:12,067 --> 00:27:14,401
produced the we’ve produced the 

731
00:27:14,401 --> 00:27:15,967
essays and then the test and 

732
00:27:15,967 --> 00:27:19,101
then the test had to go to uh 

733
00:27:19,101 --> 00:27:21,701
to those two institutions were 

734
00:27:21,701 --> 00:27:23,101
instrumental in doing the 

735
00:27:23,101 --> 00:27:24,701
training and ensuring that on 

736
00:27:24,701 --> 00:27:25,833
the labs and the other 

737
00:27:25,833 --> 00:27:27,067
countries got those test that 

738
00:27:27,067 --> 00:27:27,634
we’re able to use them so 

739
00:27:27,634 --> 00:27:30,833
Africa is not only. Applying 

740
00:27:30,833 --> 00:27:32,934
its knowledge and technology 

741
00:27:32,934 --> 00:27:33,768
within South Africa but sharing 

742
00:27:33,768 --> 00:27:36,100
that with the rest uh of of and 

743
00:27:36,100 --> 00:27:38,434
I think the level of which they 

744
00:27:38,434 --> 00:27:39,067
were able to track the mayor 

745
00:27:39,067 --> 00:27:40,067
also comes from their own 

746
00:27:40,067 --> 00:27:41,334
experience with Hiv and other 

747
00:27:41,334 --> 00:27:43,101
things there on TV they’ve 

748
00:27:43,101 --> 00:27:44,967
dealt with some big epidemic 

749
00:27:44,967 --> 00:27:46,600
slow burning epidemics that 

750
00:27:46,600 --> 00:27:49,167
have been very very high in 

751
00:27:49,167 --> 00:27:49,901
their communities. Uh and I 

752
00:27:49,901 --> 00:27:51,034
think South Africa’s learned 

753
00:27:51,034 --> 00:27:53,101
the value of tracking these 

754
00:27:53,101 --> 00:27:54,500
viruses and spotting the 

755
00:27:54,500 --> 00:27:57,067
revolution because uh treating 

756
00:27:57,067 --> 00:27:58,400
Hiv means these treatments are 

757
00:27:58,400 --> 00:27:59,167
precious and you have to make 

758
00:27:59,167 --> 00:28:00,967
sure that TV and Hiv that the 

759
00:28:00,967 --> 00:28:02,400
drugs are using remain 

760
00:28:02,400 --> 00:28:03,101
effective against the strains 

761
00:28:03,101 --> 00:28:03,901
and they’ve they’ve become very 

762
00:28:03,901 --> 00:28:05,767
good at. Tracking strains so 

763
00:28:05,767 --> 00:28:06,867
that they can make sure that 

764
00:28:06,867 --> 00:28:09,034
they interventions are still 

765
00:28:09,034 --> 00:28:10,434
they’re not doing sequencing 

766
00:28:10,434 --> 00:28:11,934
for an academic purpose. 

767
00:28:11,934 --> 00:28:14,433
They’re doing the sequencing as 

768
00:28:14,433 --> 00:28:15,101
part of the risk management uh 

769
00:28:15,101 --> 00:28:17,000
and therefore they were very 

770
00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:18,567
quickly able to adapt that 

771
00:28:18,567 --> 00:28:19,301
mentality to tracking this 

772
00:28:19,301 --> 00:28:21,301
virus. um so I think they 

773
00:28:21,301 --> 00:28:22,567
deserve uh you know a lot of 

774
00:28:22,567 --> 00:28:25,167
credits and again you know in 

775
00:28:25,167 --> 00:28:26,301
terms of leadership. uh I do 

776
00:28:26,301 --> 00:28:26,968
know myself with the you know 

777
00:28:26,968 --> 00:28:28,867
when South Africa had his 

778
00:28:28,867 --> 00:28:29,501
previous surge, they were very 

779
00:28:29,501 --> 00:28:32,033
open. They came to who they 

780
00:28:32,033 --> 00:28:33,501
worked with us and uh look for 

781
00:28:33,501 --> 00:28:35,035
our technical assistance, not 

782
00:28:35,035 --> 00:28:35,867
that we could tell South Africa 

783
00:28:35,867 --> 00:28:37,101
anything. I think we learn more 

784
00:28:37,101 --> 00:28:40,000
from them. But also that level 

785
00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:42,467
of high-level contact uh the DJ 

786
00:28:42,467 --> 00:28:43,301
you and I were there with uh 

787
00:28:43,301 --> 00:28:45,468
his Excellency the president uh 

788
00:28:45,468 --> 00:28:47,001
I’m a last week. there’s been a 

789
00:28:47,001 --> 00:28:48,000
high level of contact and 

790
00:28:48,000 --> 00:28:49,467
openness, and you need that 

791
00:28:49,467 --> 00:28:51,101
too. So it’s not just doing the 

792
00:28:51,101 --> 00:28:52,433
science you need the science 

793
00:28:52,433 --> 00:28:54,534
happening within a framework 

794
00:28:54,534 --> 00:28:55,935
where that science can drive 

795
00:28:55,935 --> 00:28:56,767
the public health response, so 

796
00:28:56,767 --> 00:29:00,100
the science is seen as driving 

797
00:29:00,100 --> 00:29:01,501
and supporting the response not 

798
00:29:01,501 --> 00:29:02,902
producing awkward information 

799
00:29:02,902 --> 00:29:03,967
that nobody wants to hear you 

800
00:29:03,967 --> 00:29:05,400
know that sort of idea of the 

801
00:29:05,400 --> 00:29:06,466
uncomfortable truths and part 

802
00:29:06,466 --> 00:29:07,302
of the problem we’ve had in the 

803
00:29:07,302 --> 00:29:09,501
world is science has been. 

804
00:29:09,501 --> 00:29:10,967
Evidence that some people have 

805
00:29:10,967 --> 00:29:13,501
ignored in the case of Africa 

806
00:29:13,501 --> 00:29:15,000
and they’ve been trying to use 

807
00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:16,934
science to drive to public 

808
00:29:16,934 --> 00:29:18,701
health and for that scientists 

809
00:29:18,701 --> 00:29:20,034
there the public health 

810
00:29:20,034 --> 00:29:21,702
authorities the academic units 

811
00:29:21,702 --> 00:29:22,934
of the government deserve some 

812
00:29:22,934 --> 00:29:25,068
credits. No responses perfect 

813
00:29:25,068 --> 00:29:27,101
anywhere, but I think that 

814
00:29:27,101 --> 00:29:29,033
really does show the power of 

815
00:29:29,033 --> 00:29:31,033
science and again I think many 

816
00:29:31,033 --> 00:29:33,035
countries in the North could 

817
00:29:33,035 --> 00:29:34,400
learn lessons from how South 

818
00:29:34,400 --> 00:29:36,068
Africa approaches that uh that 

819
00:29:36,068 --> 00:29:37,701
is thank you Uh II think there 

820
00:29:37,701 --> 00:29:40,034
is a great question coming as 

821
00:29:40,034 --> 00:29:41,634
well from a LinkedIn viewer if 

822
00:29:41,634 --> 00:29:43,467
other countries do not have. 

823
00:29:43,467 --> 00:29:44,969
The sequencing capacity, How do 

824
00:29:44,969 --> 00:29:47,501
we know that there are not any 

825
00:29:47,501 --> 00:29:50,200
other uh very variants um 

826
00:29:50,200 --> 00:29:51,869
around the world. So that’s a 

827
00:29:51,869 --> 00:29:54,335
great question um and that you 

828
00:29:54,335 --> 00:29:55,601
know what one of the things 

829
00:29:55,601 --> 00:29:56,768
that we’re trying to improve in 

830
00:29:56,768 --> 00:30:00,400
countries um to capacities in 

831
00:30:00,400 --> 00:30:01,835
country. I mean that’s the 

832
00:30:01,835 --> 00:30:03,101
ideal situation where countries 

833
00:30:03,101 --> 00:30:04,568
have the ability not only to 

834
00:30:04,568 --> 00:30:06,035
detect through the PCR test, 

835
00:30:06,035 --> 00:30:07,735
but to do the sequencing 

836
00:30:07,735 --> 00:30:09,069
themselves. So the first thing 

837
00:30:09,069 --> 00:30:09,901
we’re doing is looking at 

838
00:30:09,901 --> 00:30:10,967
within countries and this is 

839
00:30:10,967 --> 00:30:11,501
what we’re doing through our 

840
00:30:11,501 --> 00:30:13,101
regional offices in our country 

841
00:30:13,101 --> 00:30:14,734
offices who are instrumental in 

842
00:30:14,734 --> 00:30:17,401
building these. Country 

843
00:30:17,401 --> 00:30:18,067
capacities and regional 

844
00:30:18,067 --> 00:30:20,067
networks and global networks, 

845
00:30:20,067 --> 00:30:21,833
but in countries there’s many 

846
00:30:21,833 --> 00:30:24,002
options for sequencing um that 

847
00:30:24,002 --> 00:30:25,567
we’re looking into through the 

848
00:30:25,567 --> 00:30:27,000
flu systems through the Hiv and 

849
00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:29,901
the TV polio um academic 

850
00:30:29,901 --> 00:30:31,968
private commercial labs, but in 

851
00:30:31,968 --> 00:30:32,467
countries that don’t have that 

852
00:30:32,467 --> 00:30:34,967
capacity, we’re trying to 

853
00:30:34,967 --> 00:30:37,400
improve that in a sense where 

854
00:30:37,400 --> 00:30:38,967
we build that capacity where 

855
00:30:38,967 --> 00:30:40,433
through the existing labs that 

856
00:30:40,433 --> 00:30:41,967
are there’s technologies that 

857
00:30:41,967 --> 00:30:43,967
exist now some of these 

858
00:30:43,967 --> 00:30:44,734
sequences sequencing machines 

859
00:30:44,734 --> 00:30:46,033
used to be huge. I mean they 

860
00:30:46,033 --> 00:30:48,501
used to fill rooms and now some 

861
00:30:48,501 --> 00:30:49,633
of them are the size of 

862
00:30:49,633 --> 00:30:50,701
chocolate bars um and so the 

863
00:30:50,701 --> 00:30:54,667
technique. Exist that can be 

864
00:30:54,667 --> 00:30:55,400
transferred into countries 

865
00:30:55,400 --> 00:30:57,134
along with the learnings about 

866
00:30:57,134 --> 00:30:58,701
how to carry out the test 

867
00:30:58,701 --> 00:31:00,933
itself and run the sequence 

868
00:31:00,933 --> 00:31:02,534
itself and also do the analysis 

869
00:31:02,534 --> 00:31:04,201
to it’s not enough just to do 

870
00:31:04,201 --> 00:31:05,701
the sequence because that’s 

871
00:31:05,701 --> 00:31:07,568
only one piece of the 

872
00:31:07,568 --> 00:31:09,133
information you need to do 

873
00:31:09,133 --> 00:31:10,034
analysis with that. and so 

874
00:31:10,034 --> 00:31:11,867
we’re working again through our 

875
00:31:11,867 --> 00:31:13,668
regional offices and building 

876
00:31:13,668 --> 00:31:16,034
regional capacity to exchange 

877
00:31:16,034 --> 00:31:17,869
information so countries right 

878
00:31:17,869 --> 00:31:19,469
now that don’t have that 

879
00:31:19,469 --> 00:31:20,201
capacity. We’re working through 

880
00:31:20,201 --> 00:31:22,167
our network Our lab network and 

881
00:31:22,167 --> 00:31:25,535
we have a system. That if there 

882
00:31:25,535 --> 00:31:26,934
are samples that need to be 

883
00:31:26,934 --> 00:31:28,801
sequence, we have a mechanism 

884
00:31:28,801 --> 00:31:30,034
by which we can share samples 

885
00:31:30,034 --> 00:31:32,467
between the originators and 

886
00:31:32,467 --> 00:31:33,934
then the labs that can do the 

887
00:31:33,934 --> 00:31:35,401
sequencing for them and that’s 

888
00:31:35,401 --> 00:31:36,200
a relationship. You know that 

889
00:31:36,200 --> 00:31:38,301
is that is built on trust and 

890
00:31:38,301 --> 00:31:40,500
it’s built on a mutual 

891
00:31:40,500 --> 00:31:41,600
understanding of science and 

892
00:31:41,600 --> 00:31:43,534
this we used to call it when I 

893
00:31:43,534 --> 00:31:45,600
was little the so what factor 

894
00:31:45,600 --> 00:31:46,934
like why are you doing this? So 

895
00:31:46,934 --> 00:31:48,067
what does it mean you know what 

896
00:31:48,067 --> 00:31:49,901
is the importance of it and how 

897
00:31:49,901 --> 00:31:52,067
is it gonna be used and that’s 

898
00:31:52,067 --> 00:31:53,669
what Mike was just saying about 

899
00:31:53,669 --> 00:31:55,001
the public health importance of 

900
00:31:55,001 --> 00:31:56,068
it. So we’re building those 

901
00:31:56,068 --> 00:31:56,801
links where they don’t exist. 

902
00:31:56,801 --> 00:32:00,201
but. The goal is to have this 

903
00:32:00,201 --> 00:32:03,601
capacity and control power and 

904
00:32:03,601 --> 00:32:05,834
knowledge in country um and so 

905
00:32:05,834 --> 00:32:07,069
there’s a lot of work to do 

906
00:32:07,069 --> 00:32:09,335
there um and by doing so we 

907
00:32:09,335 --> 00:32:10,368
will be able to detect these 

908
00:32:10,368 --> 00:32:13,069
mutations in these variants. Um 

909
00:32:13,069 --> 00:32:14,534
there’s different reasons why I 

910
00:32:14,534 --> 00:32:15,735
think it was part of your other 

911
00:32:15,735 --> 00:32:16,234
question of a different 

912
00:32:16,234 --> 00:32:18,267
reasons. Why viruses change and 

913
00:32:18,267 --> 00:32:20,135
why why are we starting to 

914
00:32:20,135 --> 00:32:23,201
these variants the there’s 

915
00:32:23,201 --> 00:32:24,034
different reasons um the virus 

916
00:32:24,034 --> 00:32:27,534
is under a lot of pressure and 

917
00:32:27,534 --> 00:32:29,069
to become more fit to want to 

918
00:32:29,069 --> 00:32:30,667
infect more people um we saw in 

919
00:32:30,667 --> 00:32:34,633
Denmark. September um the virus 

920
00:32:34,633 --> 00:32:36,000
was circulating in populations 

921
00:32:36,000 --> 00:32:37,801
and it spilled actually it went 

922
00:32:37,801 --> 00:32:40,002
from humans into into 

923
00:32:40,002 --> 00:32:41,401
transmitted within the mink 

924
00:32:41,401 --> 00:32:42,934
population that are in close 

925
00:32:42,934 --> 00:32:44,201
contact and then back into 

926
00:32:44,201 --> 00:32:45,833
humans. and so there’s there’s 

927
00:32:45,833 --> 00:32:47,501
a way that it can it can change 

928
00:32:47,501 --> 00:32:49,033
because it transmits so often 

929
00:32:49,033 --> 00:32:49,934
between the mink and then back 

930
00:32:49,934 --> 00:32:51,201
into humans. So that’s one 

931
00:32:51,201 --> 00:32:52,267
reason we look at the animal 

932
00:32:52,267 --> 00:32:53,669
human length and then there’s 

933
00:32:53,669 --> 00:32:55,901
other pressures that the virus 

934
00:32:55,901 --> 00:32:57,334
has um if it was circulating in 

935
00:32:57,334 --> 00:32:59,501
an area that had a lot of 

936
00:32:59,501 --> 00:33:00,134
circulation previously when the 

937
00:33:00,134 --> 00:33:02,002
virus may want to change. And 

938
00:33:02,002 --> 00:33:04,434
so that it can continue to 

939
00:33:04,434 --> 00:33:07,534
infect um, but there’s ways the 

940
00:33:07,534 --> 00:33:08,801
reason I mention that is 

941
00:33:08,801 --> 00:33:09,901
because it all comes back to. 

942
00:33:09,901 --> 00:33:11,367
so what does this mean for us? 

943
00:33:11,367 --> 00:33:13,634
and it means that we have to do 

944
00:33:13,634 --> 00:33:15,201
everything we can to limit the 

945
00:33:15,201 --> 00:33:17,734
spread and I think you’ve heard 

946
00:33:17,734 --> 00:33:19,268
Mike and I talk about this 

947
00:33:19,268 --> 00:33:20,601
quite often um and what 

948
00:33:20,601 --> 00:33:22,001
everybody can do to make sure 

949
00:33:22,001 --> 00:33:22,834
that they do everything they 

950
00:33:22,834 --> 00:33:24,400
can to limit their exposure and 

951
00:33:24,400 --> 00:33:27,267
make sure that if they get 

952
00:33:27,267 --> 00:33:29,134
infected that the virus stops 

953
00:33:29,134 --> 00:33:30,001
with them, they don’t give it 

954
00:33:30,001 --> 00:33:32,801
an. To pass to somebody else 

955
00:33:32,801 --> 00:33:34,967
and that’s really critical in 

956
00:33:34,967 --> 00:33:35,934
all of this discussion, that’s 

957
00:33:35,934 --> 00:33:38,067
one of the take homes we need 

958
00:33:38,067 --> 00:33:40,668
everybody to really hear that 

959
00:33:40,668 --> 00:33:41,833
there’s control that we have. 

960
00:33:41,833 --> 00:33:42,834
There’s some power that we 

961
00:33:42,834 --> 00:33:44,534
have. We need to use it every 

962
00:33:44,534 --> 00:33:47,735
single day and let all 

963
00:33:47,735 --> 00:33:50,034
processes of biology. There are 

964
00:33:50,034 --> 00:33:51,601
selection precious uh we’ve 

965
00:33:51,601 --> 00:33:52,734
seen this when antimicrobial 

966
00:33:52,734 --> 00:33:55,402
resistance and bacteria didn’t 

967
00:33:55,402 --> 00:33:57,001
wake up yesterday and say you 

968
00:33:57,001 --> 00:33:58,967
know we need to start resisting 

969
00:33:58,967 --> 00:34:00,401
those antibiotics that they 

970
00:34:00,401 --> 00:34:00,868
don’t think like that. but 

971
00:34:00,868 --> 00:34:03,434
we’ve done. Put a huge amount 

972
00:34:03,434 --> 00:34:04,600
of antibiotics into the 

973
00:34:04,600 --> 00:34:06,735
environment and therefore we’re 

974
00:34:06,735 --> 00:34:08,201
killing all the bacteria that 

975
00:34:08,201 --> 00:34:10,468
are susceptible and those few 

976
00:34:10,468 --> 00:34:12,833
bacteria that just happen to be 

977
00:34:12,833 --> 00:34:15,400
resistant, all of a sudden all 

978
00:34:15,400 --> 00:34:16,034
the competition is gone. Can 

979
00:34:16,034 --> 00:34:18,734
you imagine it goes billions of 

980
00:34:18,734 --> 00:34:21,067
bacteria and a place you put an 

981
00:34:21,067 --> 00:34:23,434
antibiotic in it and you kill 

982
00:34:23,434 --> 00:34:25,935
99.99. 99.99% of the bacteria, 

983
00:34:25,935 --> 00:34:27,734
but a few little guys survive 

984
00:34:27,734 --> 00:34:29,833
now they’ve got a whole world 

985
00:34:29,833 --> 00:34:30,867
to explore all by themselves 

986
00:34:30,867 --> 00:34:34,267
with no. Competition from their 

987
00:34:34,267 --> 00:34:36,033
fellow bacteria so what we do 

988
00:34:36,033 --> 00:34:37,501
very often as humans is we 

989
00:34:37,501 --> 00:34:39,134
create the selective pressures 

990
00:34:39,134 --> 00:34:41,668
and we often create the 

991
00:34:41,668 --> 00:34:44,035
conditions that these microbes 

992
00:34:44,035 --> 00:34:45,734
can exploit uh and we do that 

993
00:34:45,734 --> 00:34:47,134
for very good reasons, 

994
00:34:47,134 --> 00:34:48,067
sometimes, for example, 

995
00:34:48,067 --> 00:34:49,734
therapeutics when you start to 

996
00:34:49,734 --> 00:34:52,334
treat a disease like that’s you 

997
00:34:52,334 --> 00:34:54,001
always have the risk of the bug 

998
00:34:54,001 --> 00:34:55,934
becoming resistant if you use 

999
00:34:55,934 --> 00:34:56,734
those antibiotics very 

1000
00:34:56,734 --> 00:34:58,067
carefully properly. everyone 

1001
00:34:58,067 --> 00:34:59,834
takes full course you really 

1002
00:34:59,834 --> 00:35:00,934
reduce the risk of that 

1003
00:35:00,934 --> 00:35:03,433
resistance. Emerging so you 

1004
00:35:03,433 --> 00:35:04,834
have to be very careful. We see 

1005
00:35:04,834 --> 00:35:06,334
that we’re you know doctors now 

1006
00:35:06,334 --> 00:35:07,134
are saying, look we don’t just 

1007
00:35:07,134 --> 00:35:09,000
give out antibiotics cuz 

1008
00:35:09,000 --> 00:35:10,501
there’s a downside to just 

1009
00:35:10,501 --> 00:35:12,134
using this unless there’s a 

1010
00:35:12,134 --> 00:35:13,135
reason so there are these 

1011
00:35:13,135 --> 00:35:14,501
selective pressures and there 

1012
00:35:14,501 --> 00:35:15,868
are pressures that we can put 

1013
00:35:15,868 --> 00:35:18,301
on the virus uh knowingly or 

1014
00:35:18,301 --> 00:35:19,734
unknowingly um and there are 

1015
00:35:19,734 --> 00:35:20,468
precious the environment puts 

1016
00:35:20,468 --> 00:35:23,735
on the virus uh natural uh 

1017
00:35:23,735 --> 00:35:25,067
selection pressure um uh just 

1018
00:35:25,067 --> 00:35:26,400
going back to the point on 

1019
00:35:26,400 --> 00:35:27,668
expanding this. we also this is 

1020
00:35:27,668 --> 00:35:29,134
a real opportunity for the 

1021
00:35:29,134 --> 00:35:30,401
private sector to engage as 

1022
00:35:30,401 --> 00:35:31,001
well. There are many countries 

1023
00:35:31,001 --> 00:35:33,433
who made us. Have the public 

1024
00:35:33,433 --> 00:35:34,901
lab capacities to sequence, but 

1025
00:35:34,901 --> 00:35:35,967
those countries very often have 

1026
00:35:35,967 --> 00:35:37,433
private labs in can our 

1027
00:35:37,433 --> 00:35:39,068
academic labs that can and 

1028
00:35:39,068 --> 00:35:40,067
we’ve seen in the first phase 

1029
00:35:40,067 --> 00:35:42,301
of the first year, the first 

1030
00:35:42,301 --> 00:35:44,000
half of this uh hunger games 

1031
00:35:44,000 --> 00:35:45,434
that we’ve been in with this 

1032
00:35:45,434 --> 00:35:47,968
virus. um we’ve seen how the 

1033
00:35:47,968 --> 00:35:49,501
private sector and academic 

1034
00:35:49,501 --> 00:35:51,033
sector can step through and 

1035
00:35:51,033 --> 00:35:52,667
provide extra support and some 

1036
00:35:52,667 --> 00:35:54,034
of the innovation needed. so I 

1037
00:35:54,034 --> 00:35:54,867
think government should look at 

1038
00:35:54,867 --> 00:35:56,734
that not just purely as a 

1039
00:35:56,734 --> 00:35:59,067
public lab thing uh and when we 

1040
00:35:59,067 --> 00:36:00,067
speak about the analytics, it’s 

1041
00:36:00,067 --> 00:36:01,067
one thing you’ve seen everyone 

1042
00:36:01,067 --> 00:36:02,834
has seen the sequence of CG 

1043
00:36:02,834 --> 00:36:04,401
eighty. It’s just it’s it’s 

1044
00:36:04,401 --> 00:36:07,501
it’s just letters. Uh so I can 

1045
00:36:07,501 --> 00:36:09,068
do the sequences and you know 

1046
00:36:09,068 --> 00:36:10,534
for the rest of you out there. 

1047
00:36:10,534 --> 00:36:12,067
I look at those sequences 

1048
00:36:12,067 --> 00:36:14,301
snuggle Yep. What does that 

1049
00:36:14,301 --> 00:36:16,034
mean? usually ask me? uh no, 

1050
00:36:16,034 --> 00:36:19,668
but if it. It’s a lot of uh 

1051
00:36:19,668 --> 00:36:20,301
there’s a lot of data, but 

1052
00:36:20,301 --> 00:36:22,101
there’s not a lot of 

1053
00:36:22,101 --> 00:36:24,035
information you have to analyze 

1054
00:36:24,035 --> 00:36:26,001
that raw data to see and 

1055
00:36:26,001 --> 00:36:26,534
compare that. and then you’ve 

1056
00:36:26,534 --> 00:36:27,934
got to compare that sequence to 

1057
00:36:27,934 --> 00:36:29,134
all the other sequences and and 

1058
00:36:29,134 --> 00:36:30,734
then you Okay. There’s a 

1059
00:36:30,734 --> 00:36:31,967
mutation here are there’s a 

1060
00:36:31,967 --> 00:36:33,968
mutation there and then you 

1061
00:36:33,968 --> 00:36:34,734
look and see how far away from 

1062
00:36:34,734 --> 00:36:37,033
the other strains is that you 

1063
00:36:37,033 --> 00:36:38,301
have to map the genetics. so 

1064
00:36:38,301 --> 00:36:39,269
there’s a lot of analytic 

1065
00:36:39,269 --> 00:36:42,269
tools. That allow you to 

1066
00:36:42,269 --> 00:36:44,601
visualize what those changes 

1067
00:36:44,601 --> 00:36:45,501
are, and then there are things 

1068
00:36:45,501 --> 00:36:47,033
you have to do in the lab to 

1069
00:36:47,033 --> 00:36:48,401
see is the virus more effective 

1070
00:36:48,401 --> 00:36:49,867
more infectious Moreland right, 

1071
00:36:49,867 --> 00:36:51,068
so it’s not just doing the 

1072
00:36:51,068 --> 00:36:52,367
sequencing you’ve got to 

1073
00:36:52,367 --> 00:36:53,667
analyze those sequences and 

1074
00:36:53,667 --> 00:36:54,834
then you’ve got to do the 

1075
00:36:54,834 --> 00:36:56,468
research to see is the virus 

1076
00:36:56,468 --> 00:36:57,901
different. so therefore doing 

1077
00:36:57,901 --> 00:37:00,534
that for every single um sample 

1078
00:37:00,534 --> 00:37:01,901
every single positive test. 

1079
00:37:01,901 --> 00:37:04,201
It’s just too much. So what 

1080
00:37:04,201 --> 00:37:05,067
Maria was saying is we have to 

1081
00:37:05,067 --> 00:37:06,267
look out for the other signals 

1082
00:37:06,267 --> 00:37:08,067
when we see a cluster of 

1083
00:37:08,067 --> 00:37:09,101
disease that we don’t expect to 

1084
00:37:09,101 --> 00:37:12,301
see when we see uh. Increased 

1085
00:37:12,301 --> 00:37:13,834
severity of more people dying 

1086
00:37:13,834 --> 00:37:15,734
than we expect to see those 

1087
00:37:15,734 --> 00:37:17,401
signals should trigger us to go 

1088
00:37:17,401 --> 00:37:19,334
and test a lot of people in 

1089
00:37:19,334 --> 00:37:20,934
that space to see if 

1090
00:37:20,934 --> 00:37:21,467
something’s wrong on the 

1091
00:37:21,467 --> 00:37:23,069
sequence side has something 

1092
00:37:23,069 --> 00:37:23,734
changed most of the time it 

1093
00:37:23,734 --> 00:37:25,134
won’t, but some of the of the 

1094
00:37:25,134 --> 00:37:27,001
time so we need to our 

1095
00:37:27,001 --> 00:37:28,567
epidemiology to direct. We need 

1096
00:37:28,567 --> 00:37:30,000
something to direct our guns. 

1097
00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:31,269
We need a search light. The 

1098
00:37:31,269 --> 00:37:32,501
search light is the 

1099
00:37:32,501 --> 00:37:33,134
epidemiology it picks up the 

1100
00:37:33,134 --> 00:37:34,134
areas in which we have a 

1101
00:37:34,134 --> 00:37:35,601
problem potentially and and 

1102
00:37:35,601 --> 00:37:37,267
then the and the sequencing 

1103
00:37:37,267 --> 00:37:38,535
comes in to help us understand 

1104
00:37:38,535 --> 00:37:41,301
whether that problem. Is 

1105
00:37:41,301 --> 00:37:42,935
because our control control 

1106
00:37:42,935 --> 00:37:44,633
measures are not or the virus 

1107
00:37:44,633 --> 00:37:46,067
is evolving in a way that’s 

1108
00:37:46,067 --> 00:37:48,334
breaking uh our control 

1109
00:37:48,334 --> 00:37:50,269
measures uh and that means 

1110
00:37:50,269 --> 00:37:51,135
epidemiology and public health 

1111
00:37:51,135 --> 00:37:52,801
have to work hand in hand with 

1112
00:37:52,801 --> 00:37:54,067
the labs again. and this is 

1113
00:37:54,067 --> 00:37:56,401
where we’ve not done well in 

1114
00:37:56,401 --> 00:37:57,201
this pandemic in general in 

1115
00:37:57,201 --> 00:38:00,534
individual things in silos, we 

1116
00:38:00,534 --> 00:38:01,134
tend to do okay, but when 

1117
00:38:01,134 --> 00:38:02,467
you’re asking things to 

1118
00:38:02,467 --> 00:38:03,734
integrate, we’ve seen that with 

1119
00:38:03,734 --> 00:38:05,101
contact racing and lab tests 

1120
00:38:05,101 --> 00:38:06,734
and testing, and then when you 

1121
00:38:06,734 --> 00:38:08,734
expect the system to work 

1122
00:38:08,734 --> 00:38:09,468
together, that’s where the 

1123
00:38:09,468 --> 00:38:11,934
cracks appear. Uh and that’s 

1124
00:38:11,934 --> 00:38:13,401
where we want the framework of 

1125
00:38:13,401 --> 00:38:14,734
monitoring where the labs are 

1126
00:38:14,734 --> 00:38:16,200
working with the epidemiologist 

1127
00:38:16,200 --> 00:38:16,869
and there and the public and 

1128
00:38:16,869 --> 00:38:18,934
the private sector are working 

1129
00:38:18,934 --> 00:38:21,500
together. Everyone is bringing 

1130
00:38:21,500 --> 00:38:24,034
their capacity and that’s an 

1131
00:38:24,034 --> 00:38:25,667
policy. It’s influencing what 

1132
00:38:25,667 --> 00:38:27,134
the government does uh and that 

1133
00:38:27,134 --> 00:38:28,401
takes a lot of people to come 

1134
00:38:28,401 --> 00:38:29,534
together and do that work 

1135
00:38:29,534 --> 00:38:30,734
together. and that’s why the 

1136
00:38:30,734 --> 00:38:32,268
likes of South Africa with the 

1137
00:38:32,268 --> 00:38:33,934
UK have done what Denmark have 

1138
00:38:33,934 --> 00:38:35,201
done shows this is a multi 

1139
00:38:35,201 --> 00:38:38,101
sector multi-disciplinary thing 

1140
00:38:38,101 --> 00:38:40,633
Public-private academic. 

1141
00:38:40,633 --> 00:38:42,934
Epidemiology Public health 

1142
00:38:42,934 --> 00:38:44,801
observing uh very often the 

1143
00:38:44,801 --> 00:38:45,601
first signal you have over 

1144
00:38:45,601 --> 00:38:47,201
change in the virus is is an 

1145
00:38:47,201 --> 00:38:48,334
observant clinician, saying 

1146
00:38:48,334 --> 00:38:49,067
there’s something from him 

1147
00:38:49,067 --> 00:38:50,067
about this patient of this 

1148
00:38:50,067 --> 00:38:51,934
group of patients. They’re 

1149
00:38:51,934 --> 00:38:53,434
exhibiting different symptoms. 

1150
00:38:53,434 --> 00:38:55,000
There’s something strange here 

1151
00:38:55,000 --> 00:38:56,601
being able to investigate that 

1152
00:38:56,601 --> 00:39:00,133
so again and then again and 

1153
00:39:00,133 --> 00:39:01,635
again, so I think this is where 

1154
00:39:01,635 --> 00:39:04,601
we need uh it’s not just about 

1155
00:39:04,601 --> 00:39:06,033
our capacity to do one thing. 

1156
00:39:06,033 --> 00:39:08,635
It’s our capacity to integrate 

1157
00:39:08,635 --> 00:39:09,933
many things at the same time 

1158
00:39:09,933 --> 00:39:11,867
teamwork and the artist thing. 

1159
00:39:11,867 --> 00:39:14,901
And teamwork is actually the 

1160
00:39:14,901 --> 00:39:17,569
team packed the work is done 

1161
00:39:17,569 --> 00:39:18,334
and everyone’s working hard uh 

1162
00:39:18,334 --> 00:39:19,967
and everyone in their own area 

1163
00:39:19,967 --> 00:39:21,433
working hard. we need to look 

1164
00:39:21,433 --> 00:39:22,034
beyond their own area and we 

1165
00:39:22,034 --> 00:39:25,035
need to see how we work as a 

1166
00:39:25,035 --> 00:39:26,067
team to understand these 

1167
00:39:26,067 --> 00:39:27,502
changes and I think it’s a good 

1168
00:39:27,502 --> 00:39:28,769
test for us. I think it’s a 

1169
00:39:28,769 --> 00:39:30,001
chance for us to demonstrate 

1170
00:39:30,001 --> 00:39:31,034
we’ve moved on from a year ago 

1171
00:39:31,034 --> 00:39:32,601
that we’re operating more 

1172
00:39:32,601 --> 00:39:33,867
efficiently as teams and we’re 

1173
00:39:33,867 --> 00:39:36,067
addressing the issue as we see 

1174
00:39:36,067 --> 00:39:37,701
them and we’re able to be more 

1175
00:39:37,701 --> 00:39:39,333
adaptive and faster at reacting 

1176
00:39:39,333 --> 00:39:40,701
to what we see on the field, 

1177
00:39:40,701 --> 00:39:41,901
you know we’re we’re seeing 

1178
00:39:41,901 --> 00:39:42,733
changes and we’re able to adapt 

1179
00:39:42,733 --> 00:39:46,034
and react. If we do that we’ll 

1180
00:39:46,034 --> 00:39:48,700
stay in control um and I think 

1181
00:39:48,700 --> 00:39:50,934
we’ve good role models in the 

1182
00:39:50,934 --> 00:39:52,401
UK and in South Africa and in 

1183
00:39:52,401 --> 00:39:55,301
Denmark um in Brazil now with 

1184
00:39:55,301 --> 00:39:57,534
the team there um in and mean 

1185
00:39:57,534 --> 00:39:59,168
Japan picked up this is a very 

1186
00:39:59,168 --> 00:40:01,568
an importation uh so lots of 

1187
00:40:01,568 --> 00:40:03,435
good examples of the right way 

1188
00:40:03,435 --> 00:40:05,667
to go but the problem as you 

1189
00:40:05,667 --> 00:40:08,067
elucidate from the question of 

1190
00:40:08,067 --> 00:40:11,367
your um your um audience member 

1191
00:40:11,367 --> 00:40:13,834
is that uh this technology is. 

1192
00:40:13,834 --> 00:40:15,701
Evenly distributors and our job 

1193
00:40:15,701 --> 00:40:17,501
with who is to try and level 

1194
00:40:17,501 --> 00:40:19,066
the playing field so everyone 

1195
00:40:19,066 --> 00:40:22,034
gets to participate. Yes. thank 

1196
00:40:22,034 --> 00:40:23,601
you. Thank you the both of you 

1197
00:40:23,601 --> 00:40:26,034
good questions coming um one is 

1198
00:40:26,034 --> 00:40:27,535
from our Twitter viewer. 

1199
00:40:27,535 --> 00:40:29,735
Speaking of Denmark countries 

1200
00:40:29,735 --> 00:40:31,134
investigate every on genomic 

1201
00:40:31,134 --> 00:40:33,067
sequence as Denmark is doing 

1202
00:40:33,067 --> 00:40:34,967
currently so Denmark is an 

1203
00:40:34,967 --> 00:40:36,434
example where they’ve they’ve 

1204
00:40:36,434 --> 00:40:37,668
really increased their 

1205
00:40:37,668 --> 00:40:39,201
sequencing capacity and they 

1206
00:40:39,201 --> 00:40:39,934
started doing that because of 

1207
00:40:39,934 --> 00:40:42,067
the cluster five variant that 

1208
00:40:42,067 --> 00:40:43,101
they had identified in 

1209
00:40:43,101 --> 00:40:45,600
September. um what we are ad. 

1210
00:40:45,600 --> 00:40:47,101
Countries to do is to look at 

1211
00:40:47,101 --> 00:40:49,367
uh a subset to have a for 

1212
00:40:49,367 --> 00:40:50,834
sequencing as part of the 

1213
00:40:50,834 --> 00:40:52,934
bigger strategy for you know 

1214
00:40:52,934 --> 00:40:54,400
understanding where this virus 

1215
00:40:54,400 --> 00:40:57,201
is um our recommendation is to 

1216
00:40:57,201 --> 00:40:58,367
make sure that you look at a 

1217
00:40:58,367 --> 00:41:00,067
subset at least you know, take 

1218
00:41:00,067 --> 00:41:01,734
a a fraction of the that are 

1219
00:41:01,734 --> 00:41:03,301
being identified and if your 

1220
00:41:03,301 --> 00:41:05,501
capacity allows and you wanna 

1221
00:41:05,501 --> 00:41:08,035
increase that wonderful um but 

1222
00:41:08,035 --> 00:41:09,734
start with the subset and then 

1223
00:41:09,734 --> 00:41:12,501
look for changes. look for any 

1224
00:41:12,501 --> 00:41:13,401
populations. If you have a 

1225
00:41:13,401 --> 00:41:13,934
cluster if you have an 

1226
00:41:13,934 --> 00:41:16,534
outbreak. Um a subset of those 

1227
00:41:16,534 --> 00:41:18,601
if you have a change in 

1228
00:41:18,601 --> 00:41:20,134
severity or disease 

1229
00:41:20,134 --> 00:41:21,869
presentation, look at sequence 

1230
00:41:21,869 --> 00:41:24,367
those cases or any changes in 

1231
00:41:24,367 --> 00:41:26,400
transmission the other 

1232
00:41:26,400 --> 00:41:28,067
population um that is important 

1233
00:41:28,067 --> 00:41:30,967
to monitor our uh 

1234
00:41:30,967 --> 00:41:31,934
immunocompromised individuals 

1235
00:41:31,934 --> 00:41:33,734
not every immuno compromise 

1236
00:41:33,734 --> 00:41:36,067
individual case, but there is 

1237
00:41:36,067 --> 00:41:38,801
another possibility that may 

1238
00:41:38,801 --> 00:41:40,067
drive some of these variances. 

1239
00:41:40,067 --> 00:41:41,501
the changes that happen in us 

1240
00:41:41,501 --> 00:41:43,201
if we are infected the virus is 

1241
00:41:43,201 --> 00:41:44,434
replicating in us and it’s and 

1242
00:41:44,434 --> 00:41:46,167
it’s expanding and that’s it’s 

1243
00:41:46,167 --> 00:41:46,868
job you know to infect 

1244
00:41:46,868 --> 00:41:50,067
different or. Um in an 

1245
00:41:50,067 --> 00:41:52,067
immunocompromised patients they 

1246
00:41:52,067 --> 00:41:54,201
may have um virus that 

1247
00:41:54,201 --> 00:41:56,734
replicates um for long periods 

1248
00:41:56,734 --> 00:41:59,001
of time um and so tracking and 

1249
00:41:59,001 --> 00:42:00,268
they may they may transmit the 

1250
00:42:00,268 --> 00:42:01,567
virus if they’re not isolated, 

1251
00:42:01,567 --> 00:42:02,267
they could transmit the virus 

1252
00:42:02,267 --> 00:42:05,735
to others um several weeks if 

1253
00:42:05,735 --> 00:42:07,134
not months after they actually 

1254
00:42:07,134 --> 00:42:08,734
get infected and so, and that’s 

1255
00:42:08,734 --> 00:42:11,135
not true of every 

1256
00:42:11,135 --> 00:42:11,800
immunocompromised, but it’s 

1257
00:42:11,800 --> 00:42:12,501
just a population that we are 

1258
00:42:12,501 --> 00:42:15,000
we are looking at um when they 

1259
00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:17,501
could do sequencing for 

1260
00:42:17,501 --> 00:42:18,067
immunocompromised cases um and 

1261
00:42:18,067 --> 00:42:20,002
so there needs to be a. 

1262
00:42:20,002 --> 00:42:21,735
Strategy around this, there is 

1263
00:42:21,735 --> 00:42:24,334
no one size fits all um um and 

1264
00:42:24,334 --> 00:42:25,600
I think that’s for every 

1265
00:42:25,600 --> 00:42:27,301
intervention that is out there 

1266
00:42:27,301 --> 00:42:29,033
we are supporting countries in 

1267
00:42:29,033 --> 00:42:30,934
having a strategic approach to 

1268
00:42:30,934 --> 00:42:33,033
testing. I’m having a strategic 

1269
00:42:33,033 --> 00:42:35,601
approach to sequencing um, but 

1270
00:42:35,601 --> 00:42:37,534
all of that needs to be linked 

1271
00:42:37,534 --> 00:42:39,934
to analysis and it needs to be 

1272
00:42:39,934 --> 00:42:41,367
linked to public health action 

1273
00:42:41,367 --> 00:42:43,469
testing for testing sake 

1274
00:42:43,469 --> 00:42:45,034
sequencing for sequencing sake 

1275
00:42:45,034 --> 00:42:46,868
is not a good use of resources, 

1276
00:42:46,868 --> 00:42:48,734
but it needs to be linked to 

1277
00:42:48,734 --> 00:42:52,001
agile. Action in countries um 

1278
00:42:52,001 --> 00:42:54,134
and so Denmark has taken 

1279
00:42:54,134 --> 00:42:56,067
approach um to do much more 

1280
00:42:56,067 --> 00:42:57,333
sequencing but in other 

1281
00:42:57,333 --> 00:42:58,935
countries are trying to build 

1282
00:42:58,935 --> 00:42:59,901
that capacity in different ways 

1283
00:42:59,901 --> 00:43:01,201
and so we’re working with 

1284
00:43:01,201 --> 00:43:02,334
countries to make sure that 

1285
00:43:02,334 --> 00:43:05,967
this is part of surveillance um 

1286
00:43:05,967 --> 00:43:07,567
and then it’s done in a way 

1287
00:43:07,567 --> 00:43:10,067
that links to action and if I’m 

1288
00:43:10,067 --> 00:43:12,034
in a country that is ten cases 

1289
00:43:12,034 --> 00:43:14,134
per day, I’m gonna sequence one 

1290
00:43:14,134 --> 00:43:16,033
of them, but if I’m in a 

1291
00:43:16,033 --> 00:43:17,867
country with 200000 cases per 

1292
00:43:17,867 --> 00:43:21,101
day, then. I could risk 

1293
00:43:21,101 --> 00:43:21,934
collapsing the whole system by 

1294
00:43:21,934 --> 00:43:24,135
asking a system already under 

1295
00:43:24,135 --> 00:43:25,701
strain now do triple triple 

1296
00:43:25,701 --> 00:43:27,467
quadruple in terms and 

1297
00:43:27,467 --> 00:43:28,134
sequencing is not the same as 

1298
00:43:28,134 --> 00:43:30,001
just doing a PC test. It’s a 

1299
00:43:30,001 --> 00:43:32,034
lot more involved um what 

1300
00:43:32,034 --> 00:43:33,735
probably people need to look at 

1301
00:43:33,735 --> 00:43:35,967
a percentage of our overall 

1302
00:43:35,967 --> 00:43:37,534
samples are we sequencing So 

1303
00:43:37,534 --> 00:43:40,000
are we sequence the right 

1304
00:43:40,000 --> 00:43:40,934
proportion in the right places 

1305
00:43:40,934 --> 00:43:41,800
in the right types of patients 

1306
00:43:41,800 --> 00:43:44,034
in the right clusters and to 

1307
00:43:44,034 --> 00:43:45,567
have that as a strategy and 

1308
00:43:45,567 --> 00:43:47,867
we’ve laid out in our guidance, 

1309
00:43:47,867 --> 00:43:49,134
the strategies that we think 

1310
00:43:49,134 --> 00:43:50,867
would be rational 

1311
00:43:50,867 --> 00:43:51,401
cost-effective and won’t 

1312
00:43:51,401 --> 00:43:54,135
disrupt the. Of the system cuz 

1313
00:43:54,135 --> 00:43:56,433
that’s we’re always risk um 

1314
00:43:56,433 --> 00:44:00,367
chasing things you know, um the 

1315
00:44:00,367 --> 00:44:02,135
uh uh you know if you’ve ever 

1316
00:44:02,135 --> 00:44:05,067
seen uh young kids on sports 

1317
00:44:05,067 --> 00:44:06,000
field, you know soccer field 

1318
00:44:06,000 --> 00:44:07,801
eleven on each side and there’s 

1319
00:44:07,801 --> 00:44:08,667
a ball in the middle and 

1320
00:44:08,667 --> 00:44:10,067
sometimes there’s 22 little 

1321
00:44:10,067 --> 00:44:11,768
kids and they’re all running 

1322
00:44:11,768 --> 00:44:13,301
around after the ball like a 

1323
00:44:13,301 --> 00:44:14,934
beehive right and that’s great 

1324
00:44:14,934 --> 00:44:17,268
and it’s great fun, but it’s 

1325
00:44:17,268 --> 00:44:20,801
not very effective um so uh I 

1326
00:44:20,801 --> 00:44:22,000
think think that’s the is that 

1327
00:44:22,000 --> 00:44:23,667
we just don’t wanna be all 

1328
00:44:23,667 --> 00:44:25,034
chasing that and say, okay. The 

1329
00:44:25,034 --> 00:44:26,067
next big thing is sequencing 

1330
00:44:26,067 --> 00:44:27,001
and then we forget about doing 

1331
00:44:27,001 --> 00:44:29,134
the regular testing. Contact 

1332
00:44:29,134 --> 00:44:30,735
tracy, You know the variance is 

1333
00:44:30,735 --> 00:44:33,133
an issue it needs to be, but we 

1334
00:44:33,133 --> 00:44:34,734
can’t afford to take resources 

1335
00:44:34,734 --> 00:44:37,067
out of supported quarantine. We 

1336
00:44:37,067 --> 00:44:38,433
can’t afford to take resources 

1337
00:44:38,433 --> 00:44:40,601
out of regular testing uh 

1338
00:44:40,601 --> 00:44:42,067
contact tracing uh we can’t 

1339
00:44:42,067 --> 00:44:42,869
afford to take resources away 

1340
00:44:42,869 --> 00:44:44,667
from our clinical services in 

1341
00:44:44,667 --> 00:44:46,067
order to now do perfect 

1342
00:44:46,067 --> 00:44:47,467
sequencing. The idea is to make 

1343
00:44:47,467 --> 00:44:49,068
sure there’s enough resources 

1344
00:44:49,068 --> 00:44:50,467
to meet the strategic 

1345
00:44:50,467 --> 00:44:51,401
objectives. We have so that 

1346
00:44:51,401 --> 00:44:53,667
going back to it, You need a 

1347
00:44:53,667 --> 00:44:56,433
plan so many uh countries have 

1348
00:44:56,433 --> 00:44:57,501
had difficulties cuz they 

1349
00:44:57,501 --> 00:45:01,967
didn’t have a plan. Uh and um I 

1350
00:45:01,967 --> 00:45:03,535
think that’s uh they need 

1351
00:45:03,535 --> 00:45:05,134
people need to see set 

1352
00:45:05,134 --> 00:45:07,534
realistic goals in countries 

1353
00:45:07,534 --> 00:45:08,967
that don’t currently have 

1354
00:45:08,967 --> 00:45:10,867
sequencing capacity analytics. 

1355
00:45:10,867 --> 00:45:11,934
We also have can provide a 

1356
00:45:11,934 --> 00:45:13,334
service cuz if the country can 

1357
00:45:13,334 --> 00:45:15,401
identify clusters of interest 

1358
00:45:15,401 --> 00:45:16,600
that are worrying they can take 

1359
00:45:16,600 --> 00:45:17,934
samples and we can move those 

1360
00:45:17,934 --> 00:45:19,533
samples to to reference who can 

1361
00:45:19,533 --> 00:45:21,101
do that sequencing and give 

1362
00:45:21,101 --> 00:45:23,101
them the analytic results as 

1363
00:45:23,101 --> 00:45:24,935
well. So we So we don’t you 

1364
00:45:24,935 --> 00:45:26,067
don’t have necessarily have the 

1365
00:45:26,067 --> 00:45:27,934
sequencing but if but if you 

1366
00:45:27,934 --> 00:45:29,201
have an interest a worrying 

1367
00:45:29,201 --> 00:45:31,067
cluster or you feel you’ve had 

1368
00:45:31,067 --> 00:45:32,534
a change in the e, you can take 

1369
00:45:32,534 --> 00:45:33,667
a structured series of samples 

1370
00:45:33,667 --> 00:45:35,600
and we can get them. To an 

1371
00:45:35,600 --> 00:45:37,068
international reference lab who 

1372
00:45:37,068 --> 00:45:38,967
can help with that sequencing 

1373
00:45:38,967 --> 00:45:39,867
and give you the results you 

1374
00:45:39,867 --> 00:45:40,934
need to make it to judgement as 

1375
00:45:40,934 --> 00:45:43,401
to what and that contributes to 

1376
00:45:43,401 --> 00:45:44,734
the global knowledge. So I 

1377
00:45:44,734 --> 00:45:46,134
think that’s another way for 

1378
00:45:46,134 --> 00:45:47,734
for countries who don’t have 

1379
00:45:47,734 --> 00:45:49,334
the capacities to access the 

1380
00:45:49,334 --> 00:45:51,301
system for the services that 

1381
00:45:51,301 --> 00:45:53,001
they need. Can I come back to 

1382
00:45:53,001 --> 00:45:53,834
your question that you had 

1383
00:45:53,834 --> 00:45:55,867
before. I mean I get a lot of 

1384
00:45:55,867 --> 00:45:58,033
questions this variant identify 

1385
00:45:58,033 --> 00:46:00,465
I get of the variant. There are 

1386
00:46:00,465 --> 00:46:01,465
multiple variants that we are 

1387
00:46:01,465 --> 00:46:03,133
tracking doesn’t mean that you 

1388
00:46:03,133 --> 00:46:06,065
need a whole new. Strategy to 

1389
00:46:06,065 --> 00:46:07,665
control covet doesn’t mean that 

1390
00:46:07,665 --> 00:46:09,099
everything that we’ve done 

1391
00:46:09,099 --> 00:46:10,198
before doesn’t work and the 

1392
00:46:10,198 --> 00:46:12,666
answer is no, and I think this 

1393
00:46:12,666 --> 00:46:14,465
is really key because there’s a 

1394
00:46:14,465 --> 00:46:15,399
lot of attention to virus 

1395
00:46:15,399 --> 00:46:17,298
variants now and with this 

1396
00:46:17,298 --> 00:46:18,399
attention we have an 

1397
00:46:18,399 --> 00:46:19,466
opportunity to educate the 

1398
00:46:19,466 --> 00:46:21,000
public around what this means 

1399
00:46:21,000 --> 00:46:22,399
how we are tracking them, We 

1400
00:46:22,399 --> 00:46:24,999
have an opportunity to enhance 

1401
00:46:24,999 --> 00:46:27,465
systems to monitor to assess to 

1402
00:46:27,465 --> 00:46:29,164
do scientific studies, but it 

1403
00:46:29,164 --> 00:46:30,732
doesn’t mean that the strategy 

1404
00:46:30,732 --> 00:46:34,499
changes it means that we cut. 

1405
00:46:34,499 --> 00:46:35,999
Reason I say that is because in 

1406
00:46:35,999 --> 00:46:37,232
countries that have these 

1407
00:46:37,232 --> 00:46:38,865
variants that are circulating 

1408
00:46:38,865 --> 00:46:39,932
if you look at their incidents, 

1409
00:46:39,932 --> 00:46:41,265
the trend the curve everyone 

1410
00:46:41,265 --> 00:46:42,731
knows what an epic curve is now 

1411
00:46:42,731 --> 00:46:43,732
you know when you see the cases 

1412
00:46:43,732 --> 00:46:45,899
go up those countries. the 

1413
00:46:45,899 --> 00:46:47,399
cases are starting to go down 

1414
00:46:47,399 --> 00:46:49,999
and they’re going down with the 

1415
00:46:49,999 --> 00:46:50,532
interventions that are in 

1416
00:46:50,532 --> 00:46:53,231
place. It’s not a new strategy. 

1417
00:46:53,231 --> 00:46:55,631
It isn’t a new technology. It 

1418
00:46:55,631 --> 00:46:57,065
is the comprehensive approach 

1419
00:46:57,065 --> 00:46:58,831
of individual level measures 

1420
00:46:58,831 --> 00:47:00,033
and in some situations, 

1421
00:47:00,033 --> 00:47:01,467
community level measures there 

1422
00:47:01,467 --> 00:47:02,801
are some stay-at-home orders in 

1423
00:47:02,801 --> 00:47:04,067
some locations and in other 

1424
00:47:04,067 --> 00:47:05,667
locations they’re voluntary 

1425
00:47:05,667 --> 00:47:06,869
stay at home if you can work 

1426
00:47:06,869 --> 00:47:08,067
from home work from home um if 

1427
00:47:08,067 --> 00:47:11,334
you can do uh. Tele 

1428
00:47:11,334 --> 00:47:12,167
telemedicine um and you don’t 

1429
00:47:12,167 --> 00:47:14,434
need to go in and be for 

1430
00:47:14,434 --> 00:47:15,867
certain types of procedures or 

1431
00:47:15,867 --> 00:47:18,068
certain types of follow up do 

1432
00:47:18,068 --> 00:47:20,067
that um and many countries have 

1433
00:47:20,067 --> 00:47:21,169
prioritized keeping schools 

1434
00:47:21,169 --> 00:47:23,101
open while closing other types 

1435
00:47:23,101 --> 00:47:25,001
of businesses but being 

1436
00:47:25,001 --> 00:47:26,601
supported in doing so these 

1437
00:47:26,601 --> 00:47:28,968
strategies are working and 

1438
00:47:28,968 --> 00:47:31,633
these strategies need to 

1439
00:47:31,633 --> 00:47:32,368
continue to be followed so all 

1440
00:47:32,368 --> 00:47:34,501
of the things you hear us say 

1441
00:47:34,501 --> 00:47:36,033
about distancing about mask 

1442
00:47:36,033 --> 00:47:38,468
wearing about being in good 

1443
00:47:38,468 --> 00:47:39,668
ventilated rooms and opening 

1444
00:47:39,668 --> 00:47:41,967
your windows um about making 

1445
00:47:41,967 --> 00:47:44,033
sure you avoid crowded spaces 

1446
00:47:44,033 --> 00:47:45,100
staying home if you can follow 

1447
00:47:45,100 --> 00:47:47,769
the. Items that is in place 

1448
00:47:47,769 --> 00:47:49,601
that is being advised where you 

1449
00:47:49,601 --> 00:47:51,601
live. This is working this is 

1450
00:47:51,601 --> 00:47:52,968
working in South Africa. it is 

1451
00:47:52,968 --> 00:47:54,067
working in the United Kingdom. 

1452
00:47:54,067 --> 00:47:55,968
It is working in Denmark. It’s 

1453
00:47:55,968 --> 00:47:58,534
not easy and we know people are 

1454
00:47:58,534 --> 00:47:59,734
really tired but it we just 

1455
00:47:59,734 --> 00:48:02,067
need to make sure that there 

1456
00:48:02,067 --> 00:48:03,367
isn’t this big shift to say you 

1457
00:48:03,367 --> 00:48:05,234
know what let’s throw out the 

1458
00:48:05,234 --> 00:48:06,033
PlayBook. I’m gonna use my 

1459
00:48:06,033 --> 00:48:08,068
sports analogy or the game plan 

1460
00:48:08,068 --> 00:48:09,901
and come up with a new game 

1461
00:48:09,901 --> 00:48:11,134
plan. these interventions work 

1462
00:48:11,134 --> 00:48:12,901
and we need people to really 

1463
00:48:12,901 --> 00:48:15,133
stay the course. Stay focused. 

1464
00:48:15,133 --> 00:48:16,034
Stay determined and not lose 

1465
00:48:16,034 --> 00:48:18,567
hope. Um that we are doing 

1466
00:48:18,567 --> 00:48:20,333
something that is that you are 

1467
00:48:20,333 --> 00:48:21,501
doing something that is 

1468
00:48:21,501 --> 00:48:22,934
actually breaking those chains 

1469
00:48:22,934 --> 00:48:24,068
of transmission. This is 

1470
00:48:24,068 --> 00:48:26,634
critical um because you eluded 

1471
00:48:26,634 --> 00:48:27,668
to this in your answer people 

1472
00:48:27,668 --> 00:48:29,666
wanna follow the next shiny 

1473
00:48:29,666 --> 00:48:32,867
object the next new thing, but 

1474
00:48:32,867 --> 00:48:33,768
we need to stay the course 

1475
00:48:33,768 --> 00:48:35,301
vaccines and vaccinations are 

1476
00:48:35,301 --> 00:48:37,501
an incredibly powerful tool 

1477
00:48:37,501 --> 00:48:38,668
that are coming online, so we 

1478
00:48:38,668 --> 00:48:39,933
need to do everything that we 

1479
00:48:39,933 --> 00:48:42,468
can to reduce as much spread as 

1480
00:48:42,468 --> 00:48:44,035
we possibly can and we cannot 

1481
00:48:44,035 --> 00:48:45,201
emphasize that enough because 

1482
00:48:45,201 --> 00:48:47,068
vaccines will take. Time to 

1483
00:48:47,068 --> 00:48:50,501
roll out Um that is the latest 

1484
00:48:50,501 --> 00:48:52,068
tool and it is the next tool 

1485
00:48:52,068 --> 00:48:54,035
that we add to our existing 

1486
00:48:54,035 --> 00:48:55,101
toolbox to break those chains 

1487
00:48:55,101 --> 00:48:56,600
of transmission and to keep 

1488
00:48:56,600 --> 00:48:58,567
people safe and to reduce 

1489
00:48:58,567 --> 00:49:00,501
severity and death. so we have 

1490
00:49:00,501 --> 00:49:01,435
to do it all and we have even 

1491
00:49:01,435 --> 00:49:03,834
with these virus variance we 

1492
00:49:03,834 --> 00:49:05,367
can still control transmission. 

1493
00:49:05,367 --> 00:49:06,934
Yeah, and if the virus is just 

1494
00:49:06,934 --> 00:49:09,468
a little bit more efficient 

1495
00:49:09,468 --> 00:49:11,934
than people expect if your 

1496
00:49:11,934 --> 00:49:12,569
opponent just got more 

1497
00:49:12,569 --> 00:49:14,768
efficient than the responses, 

1498
00:49:14,768 --> 00:49:15,501
we get less efficient. No the 

1499
00:49:15,501 --> 00:49:18,035
responses. We get even more 

1500
00:49:18,035 --> 00:49:19,834
efficient and uh I want to use 

1501
00:49:19,834 --> 00:49:21,369
a sports analogy for all those 

1502
00:49:21,369 --> 00:49:22,635
people who become green 

1503
00:49:22,635 --> 00:49:23,701
fingered. You know I’ve 

1504
00:49:23,701 --> 00:49:25,266
certainly in everyone’s come 

1505
00:49:25,266 --> 00:49:26,501
back to their backyard and it’s 

1506
00:49:26,501 --> 00:49:27,901
amazing how much attention 

1507
00:49:27,901 --> 00:49:29,934
people’s backyards of golf in 

1508
00:49:29,934 --> 00:49:31,769
the last year, you have become 

1509
00:49:31,769 --> 00:49:33,934
you know the reality is if you 

1510
00:49:33,934 --> 00:49:34,868
if you’re weeding your garden 

1511
00:49:34,868 --> 00:49:36,701
on a normal basis and all of a 

1512
00:49:36,701 --> 00:49:38,368
sudden a new strain of the weed 

1513
00:49:38,368 --> 00:49:39,401
rise, that’s more efficient. 

1514
00:49:39,401 --> 00:49:40,633
Does that mean the weeding the 

1515
00:49:40,633 --> 00:49:41,968
garden is no longer effective. 

1516
00:49:41,968 --> 00:49:42,768
No, it just means you have to 

1517
00:49:42,768 --> 00:49:43,834
do it more often and you have 

1518
00:49:43,834 --> 00:49:44,734
to do it more carefully you 

1519
00:49:44,734 --> 00:49:46,568
have to do it more thoroughly. 

1520
00:49:46,568 --> 00:49:48,068
And you have to do it more 

1521
00:49:48,068 --> 00:49:50,035
often you have to watch just 

1522
00:49:50,035 --> 00:49:50,901
because the new weed arrives 

1523
00:49:50,901 --> 00:49:53,101
doesn’t mean weeding is the 

1524
00:49:53,101 --> 00:49:54,100
wrong response right it just 

1525
00:49:54,100 --> 00:49:56,001
means you gotta get better at 

1526
00:49:56,001 --> 00:49:58,334
doing what we do already um and 

1527
00:49:58,334 --> 00:50:00,066
I think that for me is the 

1528
00:50:00,066 --> 00:50:01,066
hardest thing because the 

1529
00:50:01,066 --> 00:50:02,767
easiest thing for us to do is 

1530
00:50:02,767 --> 00:50:03,599
come in here and say new 

1531
00:50:03,599 --> 00:50:06,098
problem brand new solution 

1532
00:50:06,098 --> 00:50:07,899
Nice. uh no. it’s just not the 

1533
00:50:07,899 --> 00:50:10,165
way it works uh unfortunately 

1534
00:50:10,165 --> 00:50:11,365
and in some ways fortunately 

1535
00:50:11,365 --> 00:50:12,933
because we have the tools that 

1536
00:50:12,933 --> 00:50:14,066
still work and they’ve been 

1537
00:50:14,066 --> 00:50:15,232
proven we’ve seen in the 

1538
00:50:15,232 --> 00:50:15,899
countries that have higher 

1539
00:50:15,899 --> 00:50:17,465
proportion of variant. Are 

1540
00:50:17,465 --> 00:50:20,198
seeing not rapids so rapid as 

1541
00:50:20,198 --> 00:50:22,500
we’d like in some, but they’re 

1542
00:50:22,500 --> 00:50:25,033
seeing consistent uh drops in 

1543
00:50:25,033 --> 00:50:27,032
in in in incidents of disease 

1544
00:50:27,032 --> 00:50:28,965
applying the standard uh 

1545
00:50:28,965 --> 00:50:29,766
measures, and that’s really 

1546
00:50:29,766 --> 00:50:31,299
that’s really uh gives me a 

1547
00:50:31,299 --> 00:50:33,366
sense of hope, but it doesn’t 

1548
00:50:33,366 --> 00:50:34,699
mean we take. We don’t take 

1549
00:50:34,699 --> 00:50:36,299
take this tracking variant is 

1550
00:50:36,299 --> 00:50:37,831
very important, but we all need 

1551
00:50:37,831 --> 00:50:39,065
to get on with the business at 

1552
00:50:39,065 --> 00:50:40,399
hand, which is stopping the 

1553
00:50:40,399 --> 00:50:42,633
virus. Thank you and I just 

1554
00:50:42,633 --> 00:50:44,065
want to acknowledge that you’re 

1555
00:50:44,065 --> 00:50:45,465
actually just responded my next 

1556
00:50:45,465 --> 00:50:47,232
question actually, which wasn’t 

1557
00:50:47,232 --> 00:50:49,132
mine. It’s from Randy McCollum 

1558
00:50:49,132 --> 00:50:49,967
from Island who was asking 

1559
00:50:49,967 --> 00:50:53,099
Doctor Mike. 

1560
00:50:53,965 --> 00:50:56,766
Ähm new veriens, with acisting 

1561
00:50:56,766 --> 00:50:59,065
puble helle Masure so you just 

1562
00:50:59,065 --> 00:51:00,534
gave you mean that and sod. 

1563
00:51:00,534 --> 00:51:03,469
Brandy Mcomen. Ja. Randy. Randy 

1564
00:51:03,469 --> 00:51:07,168
Michael, erhob your againer in 

1565
00:51:07,168 --> 00:51:10,368
die Wetter und 

1566
00:51:11,367 --> 00:51:16,434
äh ja. Change Changing, than 

1567
00:51:16,434 --> 00:51:18,035
this it mean releasing this 

1568
00:51:18,035 --> 00:51:19,735
releasing this work now you 

1569
00:51:19,735 --> 00:51:24,334
know we can still concord and 

1570
00:51:25,033 --> 00:51:27,669
I like the world concert. Are 

1571
00:51:27,669 --> 00:51:30,200
in the fight of our lives and I 

1572
00:51:30,200 --> 00:51:33,001
think we have to make sure that 

1573
00:51:33,001 --> 00:51:33,934
we’re not fighting each other 

1574
00:51:33,934 --> 00:51:35,569
that we’re fighting the virus 

1575
00:51:35,569 --> 00:51:37,101
and that all of the competition 

1576
00:51:37,101 --> 00:51:39,666
that is out there all of the 

1577
00:51:39,666 --> 00:51:41,168
trying to win this race is 

1578
00:51:41,168 --> 00:51:43,101
against the virus. It’s against 

1579
00:51:43,101 --> 00:51:45,001
any of these viruses in the 

1580
00:51:45,001 --> 00:51:47,266
variance included. but yes, we 

1581
00:51:47,266 --> 00:51:49,135
can conquer this virus and we 

1582
00:51:49,135 --> 00:51:51,067
will conquer this virus. Thank 

1583
00:51:51,067 --> 00:51:52,902
you. I’ll try to fit a few more 

1584
00:51:52,902 --> 00:51:53,568
questions because there’s 

1585
00:51:53,568 --> 00:51:55,635
there’s a lot of good ones and 

1586
00:51:55,635 --> 00:51:57,134
this one is coming from a 

1587
00:51:57,134 --> 00:51:59,501
Linden Mueller will be leading. 

1588
00:51:59,501 --> 00:52:00,867
Efforts to establish a 

1589
00:52:00,867 --> 00:52:02,967
worldwide survivorship study to 

1590
00:52:02,967 --> 00:52:06,001
follow short term long term and 

1591
00:52:06,001 --> 00:52:07,568
facts of the virus and its 

1592
00:52:07,568 --> 00:52:10,067
variance in patients worldwide. 

1593
00:52:10,067 --> 00:52:12,533
So the answer to that is yes, 

1594
00:52:12,533 --> 00:52:14,968
so we are working with our 

1595
00:52:14,968 --> 00:52:16,768
clinical uh network again. It’s 

1596
00:52:16,768 --> 00:52:17,701
a network you hear us talk a 

1597
00:52:17,701 --> 00:52:19,467
lot about networks because we 

1598
00:52:19,467 --> 00:52:22,868
work with clinicians and 

1599
00:52:22,868 --> 00:52:24,569
academic institutions and 

1600
00:52:24,569 --> 00:52:25,968
partners all over the world um 

1601
00:52:25,968 --> 00:52:27,768
in groups like is out of the UK 

1602
00:52:27,768 --> 00:52:30,167
and many long-term survivor 

1603
00:52:30,167 --> 00:52:32,034
patient groups um to establish 

1604
00:52:32,034 --> 00:52:35,168
these cohort. These groups of 

1605
00:52:35,168 --> 00:52:36,901
individuals that we follow over 

1606
00:52:36,901 --> 00:52:38,368
time This is work led by Doctor 

1607
00:52:38,368 --> 00:52:41,568
Jen Diaz on our clinical team. 

1608
00:52:41,568 --> 00:52:43,667
He’s who is amazing conveyor of 

1609
00:52:43,667 --> 00:52:45,867
and she’s a brilliant doctor 

1610
00:52:45,867 --> 00:52:47,168
um, but she’s an amazing 

1611
00:52:47,168 --> 00:52:48,466
conveyor of bringing people 

1612
00:52:48,466 --> 00:52:49,834
together towards a common goal 

1613
00:52:49,834 --> 00:52:51,434
for this and again working with 

1614
00:52:51,434 --> 00:52:53,468
so many different partners to 

1615
00:52:53,468 --> 00:52:54,968
make sure that we study 

1616
00:52:54,968 --> 00:52:56,701
patients who have been infected 

1617
00:52:56,701 --> 00:52:59,001
with this virus um who have 

1618
00:52:59,001 --> 00:53:00,768
recovered um you know who are 

1619
00:53:00,768 --> 00:53:02,200
who are living their lives, but 

1620
00:53:02,200 --> 00:53:03,468
also those individuals who are 

1621
00:53:03,468 --> 00:53:04,000
having these longer term 

1622
00:53:04,000 --> 00:53:06,333
effects we will. We will be 

1623
00:53:06,333 --> 00:53:08,567
adding information in about the 

1624
00:53:08,567 --> 00:53:10,466
viruses that people people were 

1625
00:53:10,466 --> 00:53:11,633
infected with whether it was a 

1626
00:53:11,633 --> 00:53:14,100
virus variant or uh a different 

1627
00:53:14,100 --> 00:53:16,568
uh coy virus and making sure we 

1628
00:53:16,568 --> 00:53:18,067
track them over time. But 

1629
00:53:18,067 --> 00:53:19,401
what’s critical is that we 

1630
00:53:19,401 --> 00:53:20,635
don’t just do this in 

1631
00:53:20,635 --> 00:53:22,934
high-income countries. We do 

1632
00:53:22,934 --> 00:53:24,467
this all over the world and so 

1633
00:53:24,467 --> 00:53:25,535
that we are looking at 

1634
00:53:25,535 --> 00:53:27,169
different patient populations 

1635
00:53:27,169 --> 00:53:27,800
all over the world. now these 

1636
00:53:27,800 --> 00:53:30,133
are being established um and 

1637
00:53:30,133 --> 00:53:31,701
they will take some time 

1638
00:53:31,701 --> 00:53:32,768
because we have to follow 

1639
00:53:32,768 --> 00:53:33,368
individuals over time, but the 

1640
00:53:33,368 --> 00:53:35,768
answer to that is yes. We have 

1641
00:53:35,768 --> 00:53:39,168
a lot a lot to learn um about 

1642
00:53:39,168 --> 00:53:40,968
uh the longer term effects and 

1643
00:53:40,968 --> 00:53:43,467
how people recover from after 

1644
00:53:43,467 --> 00:53:46,001
infection. Thank you Maria and 

1645
00:53:46,001 --> 00:53:47,501
here’s another interesting 

1646
00:53:47,501 --> 00:53:49,101
question uh would it be 

1647
00:53:49,101 --> 00:53:50,968
beneficial if we have a 

1648
00:53:50,968 --> 00:53:53,035
technology that that can viral 

1649
00:53:53,035 --> 00:53:56,401
variants without sequencing 

1650
00:53:56,401 --> 00:53:59,101
sure, I don’t know that’s it’s 

1651
00:53:59,101 --> 00:53:59,701
an interesting question. I’m 

1652
00:53:59,701 --> 00:54:02,132
not sure it’s impossible um cuz 

1653
00:54:02,132 --> 00:54:03,700
that’s the only it’s in a 

1654
00:54:03,700 --> 00:54:04,165
sense. It’s the only tell that 

1655
00:54:04,165 --> 00:54:08,399
we have. I mean. Certainly uh 

1656
00:54:08,399 --> 00:54:09,932
one could look at very, I mean 

1657
00:54:09,932 --> 00:54:11,465
all that the sequencing is the 

1658
00:54:11,465 --> 00:54:14,932
set of instructions and this uh 

1659
00:54:14,932 --> 00:54:17,699
this genetic material just 

1660
00:54:17,699 --> 00:54:19,232
instructs effect the human cell 

1661
00:54:19,232 --> 00:54:19,832
to make the the fact we’re 

1662
00:54:19,832 --> 00:54:21,665
using that same technology for 

1663
00:54:21,665 --> 00:54:23,366
the vaccines with the m 

1664
00:54:23,366 --> 00:54:24,599
vaccines so the virus 

1665
00:54:24,599 --> 00:54:26,865
essentially enters to sell and 

1666
00:54:26,865 --> 00:54:28,398
injects this package of 

1667
00:54:28,398 --> 00:54:29,966
instructions and it actually it 

1668
00:54:29,966 --> 00:54:32,466
senses it hijack the human cell 

1669
00:54:32,466 --> 00:54:33,766
and tricks to human cell into 

1670
00:54:33,766 --> 00:54:35,299
making new new In fact, the 

1671
00:54:35,299 --> 00:54:36,466
virus doesn’t make you viruses. 

1672
00:54:36,466 --> 00:54:38,699
We make the viruses. Ourselves 

1673
00:54:38,699 --> 00:54:42,000
get hijacked and effect in 

1674
00:54:42,000 --> 00:54:43,933
effect uh in that sense and 

1675
00:54:43,933 --> 00:54:45,965
those who are out there quoting 

1676
00:54:45,965 --> 00:54:47,666
uh when we talk about viruses, 

1677
00:54:47,666 --> 00:54:50,066
it’s full circle in terms of uh 

1678
00:54:50,066 --> 00:54:52,066
we talk about uh in cold in in 

1679
00:54:52,066 --> 00:54:54,799
in in programming in effect, 

1680
00:54:54,799 --> 00:54:56,233
the virus injects its cold into 

1681
00:54:56,233 --> 00:54:58,033
the human cell and the human 

1682
00:54:58,033 --> 00:55:00,901
cell goes and creates those 

1683
00:55:00,901 --> 00:55:03,467
proteins now those proteins the 

1684
00:55:03,467 --> 00:55:04,335
genetic variation doesn’t cause 

1685
00:55:04,335 --> 00:55:06,067
a problem. What causes the 

1686
00:55:06,067 --> 00:55:07,535
problem is that when the 

1687
00:55:07,535 --> 00:55:09,401
variation occurs the proteins 

1688
00:55:09,401 --> 00:55:11,669
that the virus makes become 

1689
00:55:11,669 --> 00:55:13,501
slightly different so these. 

1690
00:55:13,501 --> 00:55:15,101
Proteins are these long chains 

1691
00:55:15,101 --> 00:55:16,901
of amino acids, They’re long 

1692
00:55:16,901 --> 00:55:19,134
building blocks and they kinda 

1693
00:55:19,134 --> 00:55:20,068
fall into these shapes and in 

1694
00:55:20,068 --> 00:55:21,701
effect you have this shape and 

1695
00:55:21,701 --> 00:55:22,967
this is the spike protein that 

1696
00:55:22,967 --> 00:55:25,101
you see on the surface of the 

1697
00:55:25,101 --> 00:55:27,335
cells. this big huge long chain 

1698
00:55:27,335 --> 00:55:29,701
of amino acids that just curls 

1699
00:55:29,701 --> 00:55:32,001
into a shape and it’s like a 

1700
00:55:32,001 --> 00:55:33,868
lock and key it either fits 

1701
00:55:33,868 --> 00:55:35,734
into the receptor of the human 

1702
00:55:35,734 --> 00:55:38,735
cell really well or it fits in 

1703
00:55:38,735 --> 00:55:40,201
not so sometimes when the virus 

1704
00:55:40,201 --> 00:55:42,268
comes over from the animal 

1705
00:55:42,268 --> 00:55:43,101
Kingdom to the humans the 

1706
00:55:43,101 --> 00:55:47,334
proteins. That on the surface 

1707
00:55:47,334 --> 00:55:49,901
of the virus sort of well, but 

1708
00:55:49,901 --> 00:55:51,834
don’t fit perfectly and 

1709
00:55:51,834 --> 00:55:52,435
therefore, it’s not very 

1710
00:55:52,435 --> 00:55:53,901
efficient. it infected the 

1711
00:55:53,901 --> 00:55:56,301
human cell over time the virus 

1712
00:55:56,301 --> 00:55:58,035
effectively evolves to get 

1713
00:55:58,035 --> 00:56:00,301
better. It makes copies of 

1714
00:56:00,301 --> 00:56:01,801
itself that are just better at 

1715
00:56:01,801 --> 00:56:03,101
binding, so I suppose you could 

1716
00:56:03,101 --> 00:56:04,934
look a lot of people are 

1717
00:56:04,934 --> 00:56:06,335
looking at the shapes of those 

1718
00:56:06,335 --> 00:56:07,435
proteins and there are 

1719
00:56:07,435 --> 00:56:09,201
different domains in there, 

1720
00:56:09,201 --> 00:56:10,601
those proteins that they can 

1721
00:56:10,601 --> 00:56:13,167
look at and see a shift in the 

1722
00:56:13,167 --> 00:56:13,701
shape of the protein that 

1723
00:56:13,701 --> 00:56:15,001
particular part can make the 

1724
00:56:15,001 --> 00:56:17,935
virus more. Are less efficient, 

1725
00:56:17,935 --> 00:56:20,067
more or less, so yes, you can 

1726
00:56:20,067 --> 00:56:22,035
look to the changes in that 

1727
00:56:22,035 --> 00:56:23,968
sort of um the those proteins 

1728
00:56:23,968 --> 00:56:25,334
to see if changes are 

1729
00:56:25,334 --> 00:56:26,068
occurring, We should still need 

1730
00:56:26,068 --> 00:56:27,535
to go back and check what code 

1731
00:56:27,535 --> 00:56:28,201
is driving that. so it’s an 

1732
00:56:28,201 --> 00:56:29,001
interesting question Uh the 

1733
00:56:29,001 --> 00:56:30,534
right now. sequencing is the 

1734
00:56:30,534 --> 00:56:32,001
best way for us to look at 

1735
00:56:32,001 --> 00:56:33,801
that. But then you have to 

1736
00:56:33,801 --> 00:56:34,435
convert that sequencing into 

1737
00:56:34,435 --> 00:56:37,468
the real-life interpretation of 

1738
00:56:37,468 --> 00:56:38,601
what that means and very often 

1739
00:56:38,601 --> 00:56:41,068
when they get it a sequence and 

1740
00:56:41,068 --> 00:56:41,768
you’ll find now what they’re 

1741
00:56:41,768 --> 00:56:43,501
doing is looking at those 

1742
00:56:43,501 --> 00:56:47,135
variants and. 

1743
00:56:48,067 --> 00:56:49,001
What are the different shapes 

1744
00:56:49,001 --> 00:56:50,400
of the proteins that that 

1745
00:56:50,400 --> 00:56:51,201
they’re actually producing 

1746
00:56:51,201 --> 00:56:52,735
because that’s what’s producing 

1747
00:56:52,735 --> 00:56:53,468
the negative effect you know, 

1748
00:56:53,468 --> 00:56:54,769
and that’s one of the mutations 

1749
00:56:54,769 --> 00:56:56,335
that we’re looking at is 501 

1750
00:56:56,335 --> 00:56:58,400
and that’s one of the ones that 

1751
00:56:58,400 --> 00:56:59,867
it makes it more effective and 

1752
00:56:59,867 --> 00:57:03,367
finding yes in that receptor 

1753
00:57:03,367 --> 00:57:04,601
and so people will ask when 

1754
00:57:04,601 --> 00:57:06,301
when you say more transmitter 

1755
00:57:06,301 --> 00:57:07,569
it that it’s faster spreading 

1756
00:57:07,569 --> 00:57:09,401
or that it’s it’s changed. It’s 

1757
00:57:09,401 --> 00:57:10,934
mode of transmission um and, 

1758
00:57:10,934 --> 00:57:13,467
and in fact these variants that 

1759
00:57:13,467 --> 00:57:16,034
have this 501 why they’re more 

1760
00:57:16,034 --> 00:57:17,401
efficient because they can bind 

1761
00:57:17,401 --> 00:57:21,634
better to your. And get into 

1762
00:57:21,634 --> 00:57:24,267
yourself and then inject it and 

1763
00:57:24,267 --> 00:57:25,834
make more of itself, use your 

1764
00:57:25,834 --> 00:57:27,934
cells to make more of itself um 

1765
00:57:27,934 --> 00:57:30,334
and that’s the change in 

1766
00:57:30,334 --> 00:57:32,335
transmission. Um Um we not seen 

1767
00:57:32,335 --> 00:57:33,300
and I don’t know if I said it 

1768
00:57:33,300 --> 00:57:34,335
before, but we have not seen 

1769
00:57:34,335 --> 00:57:35,801
any changes in the modes of 

1770
00:57:35,801 --> 00:57:36,435
transmission in terms of the 

1771
00:57:36,435 --> 00:57:37,834
way that it spreads between 

1772
00:57:37,834 --> 00:57:39,368
people and that’s important 

1773
00:57:39,368 --> 00:57:42,934
because it has impacts on the 

1774
00:57:42,934 --> 00:57:43,435
interventions that are 

1775
00:57:43,435 --> 00:57:44,934
recommended so tomorrow we are 

1776
00:57:44,934 --> 00:57:47,434
actually hosting a seminar. um 

1777
00:57:47,434 --> 00:57:48,067
it’s a two and a half hour 

1778
00:57:48,067 --> 00:57:53,034
seminar on SA. Two variants and 

1779
00:57:53,034 --> 00:57:54,067
specifically transmission 

1780
00:57:54,067 --> 00:57:54,668
because there’s so many 

1781
00:57:54,668 --> 00:57:56,335
questions about this because we 

1782
00:57:56,335 --> 00:57:58,733
need to understand as who, but 

1783
00:57:58,733 --> 00:58:00,601
also partner agencies that are 

1784
00:58:00,601 --> 00:58:02,200
making guidance for their 

1785
00:58:02,200 --> 00:58:03,533
countries or for their regions. 

1786
00:58:03,533 --> 00:58:05,001
They need to know as well. Do 

1787
00:58:05,001 --> 00:58:06,567
we need to make a change? so we 

1788
00:58:06,567 --> 00:58:07,367
have a two and a half hour 

1789
00:58:07,367 --> 00:58:10,368
seminar that uh tomorrow um 

1790
00:58:10,368 --> 00:58:12,900
that we have individuals and 

1791
00:58:12,900 --> 00:58:14,068
researchers from the UK from 

1792
00:58:14,068 --> 00:58:16,002
South Africa from Denmark from 

1793
00:58:16,002 --> 00:58:18,234
Brazil who are presenting to us 

1794
00:58:18,234 --> 00:58:19,268
the studies that are ongoing 

1795
00:58:19,268 --> 00:58:21,967
about. Transmission and then we 

1796
00:58:21,967 --> 00:58:23,934
have this big panel discussions 

1797
00:58:23,934 --> 00:58:25,401
multi disciplinary panel 

1798
00:58:25,401 --> 00:58:28,035
discussion epidemiologist 

1799
00:58:28,035 --> 00:58:29,533
infection prevention control 

1800
00:58:29,533 --> 00:58:32,601
specialist and aero biologists 

1801
00:58:32,601 --> 00:58:35,066
um uh um uh I’m forgetting 

1802
00:58:35,066 --> 00:58:37,501
other a neurologist so that a 

1803
00:58:37,501 --> 00:58:38,168
multidisciplinary discussion 

1804
00:58:38,168 --> 00:58:39,001
about what this all means and 

1805
00:58:39,001 --> 00:58:40,835
then we will have a discussion 

1806
00:58:40,835 --> 00:58:43,269
with partner agencies with who 

1807
00:58:43,269 --> 00:58:44,834
with European Centers for 

1808
00:58:44,834 --> 00:58:46,201
Disease Control, US, CC and 

1809
00:58:46,201 --> 00:58:48,034
Africa CC to say, Okay, What do 

1810
00:58:48,034 --> 00:58:50,335
we need to be looking at? Make 

1811
00:58:50,335 --> 00:58:51,968
sure what is this all mean 

1812
00:58:51,968 --> 00:58:53,068
right now? um and what does 

1813
00:58:53,068 --> 00:58:53,835
this mean for the 

1814
00:58:53,835 --> 00:58:55,100
recommendations that we will be 

1815
00:58:55,100 --> 00:58:56,801
making going forward. I will 

1816
00:58:56,801 --> 00:58:57,968
say that we’ve had those 

1817
00:58:57,968 --> 00:58:59,401
discussions specifically with 

1818
00:58:59,401 --> 00:59:01,465
the UK and in South Africa to 

1819
00:59:01,465 --> 00:59:03,131
say, have you seen any changes 

1820
00:59:03,131 --> 00:59:04,698
in the modes of transmission? 

1821
00:59:04,698 --> 00:59:06,032
they have not they have not 

1822
00:59:06,032 --> 00:59:09,466
seen any increases in um or 

1823
00:59:09,466 --> 00:59:10,066
differences in the way. health 

1824
00:59:10,066 --> 00:59:11,266
workers are infected for 

1825
00:59:11,266 --> 00:59:14,000
example, and so they have had 

1826
00:59:14,000 --> 00:59:14,966
discussions at the national 

1827
00:59:14,966 --> 00:59:16,432
level and they have not made 

1828
00:59:16,432 --> 00:59:17,966
changes to their 

1829
00:59:17,966 --> 00:59:18,900
recommendations and I think 

1830
00:59:18,900 --> 00:59:19,932
that’s also important because 

1831
00:59:19,932 --> 00:59:20,732
you know the methods that they 

1832
00:59:20,732 --> 00:59:23,532
have. Place to break chains of 

1833
00:59:23,532 --> 00:59:24,532
transmission and keep people 

1834
00:59:24,532 --> 00:59:26,066
safe and protect them from 

1835
00:59:26,066 --> 00:59:27,266
infection work against these 

1836
00:59:27,266 --> 00:59:29,399
virus variants um but we will 

1837
00:59:29,399 --> 00:59:30,200
have be having a big discussion 

1838
00:59:30,200 --> 00:59:32,033
tomorrow to learn a little bit 

1839
00:59:32,033 --> 00:59:33,800
more and get more into detail 

1840
00:59:33,800 --> 00:59:35,499
and I think we have more than 

1841
00:59:35,499 --> 00:59:36,599
2000 people registered right 

1842
00:59:36,599 --> 00:59:38,866
now for this uh for this 

1843
00:59:38,866 --> 00:59:40,532
seminar, so there’s a lot of 

1844
00:59:40,532 --> 00:59:42,199
interest in this we’re working 

1845
00:59:42,199 --> 00:59:43,499
with nurse organizations and 

1846
00:59:43,499 --> 00:59:45,600
doctrine organizations again to 

1847
00:59:45,600 --> 00:59:47,132
share what we know and this is 

1848
00:59:47,132 --> 00:59:48,732
science in real Time II. Don’t 

1849
00:59:48,732 --> 00:59:50,033
I’ve never experienced anything 

1850
00:59:50,033 --> 00:59:52,032
like this and in sort of. A 

1851
00:59:52,032 --> 00:59:54,699
Daily hourly update of learning 

1852
00:59:54,699 --> 00:59:56,199
and we are doing our best to 

1853
00:59:56,199 --> 00:59:59,632
make sure that we share the 

1854
00:59:59,632 --> 01:00:01,367
information we digest it in a 

1855
01:00:01,367 --> 01:00:02,966
way that is understandable and 

1856
01:00:02,966 --> 01:00:05,864
um uh coherent in a way that we 

1857
01:00:05,864 --> 01:00:08,200
we package it to share uh as 

1858
01:00:08,200 --> 01:00:10,932
quickly as we can with um with 

1859
01:00:10,932 --> 01:00:13,099
you all thank you know that’s 

1860
01:00:13,099 --> 01:00:14,666
the virus. it falls. We’re 

1861
01:00:14,666 --> 01:00:15,932
we’re evolving to in terms of 

1862
01:00:15,932 --> 01:00:17,399
speed and agility. It’s 

1863
01:00:17,399 --> 01:00:18,566
interesting a year ago 2 years 

1864
01:00:18,566 --> 01:00:19,599
ago When you know around the 

1865
01:00:19,599 --> 01:00:21,333
world, we’d have an interest. 

1866
01:00:21,333 --> 01:00:23,033
Or a challenging issue we 

1867
01:00:23,033 --> 01:00:24,066
arrange an international 

1868
01:00:24,066 --> 01:00:25,266
meeting it could take weeks or 

1869
01:00:25,266 --> 01:00:26,699
months to wait and everyone 

1870
01:00:26,699 --> 01:00:29,066
come together and they talk and 

1871
01:00:29,066 --> 01:00:30,600
make presentations you know now 

1872
01:00:30,600 --> 01:00:32,966
we do four of those a week you 

1873
01:00:32,966 --> 01:00:36,999
know uh um it’s the you know 

1874
01:00:36,999 --> 01:00:37,732
the platforms you know everyone 

1875
01:00:37,732 --> 01:00:39,199
complains about you know all 

1876
01:00:39,199 --> 01:00:41,399
social media misinformation and 

1877
01:00:41,399 --> 01:00:43,032
the internet things and how 

1878
01:00:43,032 --> 01:00:44,399
it’s you know causing problems. 

1879
01:00:44,399 --> 01:00:45,799
Well. It’s not that there’s an 

1880
01:00:45,799 --> 01:00:47,033
issue there with misinformation 

1881
01:00:47,033 --> 01:00:49,266
but this platform is providing 

1882
01:00:49,266 --> 01:00:50,466
a massive platform for 

1883
01:00:50,466 --> 01:00:52,399
scientists and it’s not just. 

1884
01:00:52,399 --> 01:00:53,866
People out there using social 

1885
01:00:53,866 --> 01:00:55,132
media. I mean the number of us 

1886
01:00:55,132 --> 01:00:57,499
who are using applications to 

1887
01:00:57,499 --> 01:00:58,066
communicate setting up groups. 

1888
01:00:58,066 --> 01:01:01,500
I mean there are times in my 

1889
01:01:01,500 --> 01:01:02,335
day when there’s three groups 

1890
01:01:02,335 --> 01:01:04,467
set up at one time to discuss a 

1891
01:01:04,467 --> 01:01:05,801
specific issue in 24 hours. 

1892
01:01:05,801 --> 01:01:07,401
That group is gone. There’s a 

1893
01:01:07,401 --> 01:01:09,534
new group so our ability to use 

1894
01:01:09,534 --> 01:01:11,967
those platforms for immediate 

1895
01:01:11,967 --> 01:01:12,735
communication within groups to 

1896
01:01:12,735 --> 01:01:13,967
create groups to solve a 

1897
01:01:13,967 --> 01:01:16,001
problem that might be a 

1898
01:01:16,001 --> 01:01:17,501
problem. That’s an hour-long 

1899
01:01:17,501 --> 01:01:18,501
problem, a day-long problem or 

1900
01:01:18,501 --> 01:01:20,167
a problem for the future and 

1901
01:01:20,167 --> 01:01:23,067
being able to use. Those 

1902
01:01:23,067 --> 01:01:24,001
multimedia environments to be 

1903
01:01:24,001 --> 01:01:25,868
able to share information and 

1904
01:01:25,868 --> 01:01:27,534
data is uh it’s incredible. so 

1905
01:01:27,534 --> 01:01:30,134
I think um as the virus 

1906
01:01:30,134 --> 01:01:31,469
evolves, we just got to evolve 

1907
01:01:31,469 --> 01:01:33,535
quicker in our speed of 

1908
01:01:33,535 --> 01:01:34,334
thinking and then our speed of 

1909
01:01:34,334 --> 01:01:37,467
sharing uh and how we you know 

1910
01:01:37,467 --> 01:01:38,901
generate our knowledge and 

1911
01:01:38,901 --> 01:01:40,534
share that knowledge challenge 

1912
01:01:40,534 --> 01:01:41,834
each other on that knowledge 

1913
01:01:41,834 --> 01:01:43,601
and then come to consensus 

1914
01:01:43,601 --> 01:01:46,068
about what we do Science never 

1915
01:01:46,068 --> 01:01:47,801
comes up with the perfect 

1916
01:01:47,801 --> 01:01:49,967
answer because the real world 

1917
01:01:49,967 --> 01:01:50,534
comes up against science so the 

1918
01:01:50,534 --> 01:01:53,534
science can. You so much and 

1919
01:01:53,534 --> 01:01:55,001
then you’ve got to apply that 

1920
01:01:55,001 --> 01:01:57,767
science in a real world real 

1921
01:01:57,767 --> 01:01:59,835
people with real problems with 

1922
01:01:59,835 --> 01:02:01,934
real trade-offs when we talk 

1923
01:02:01,934 --> 01:02:03,900
about control measures so when 

1924
01:02:03,900 --> 01:02:04,968
you’re turning science into 

1925
01:02:04,968 --> 01:02:07,135
policy, that’s where you need 

1926
01:02:07,135 --> 01:02:08,734
good government because 

1927
01:02:08,734 --> 01:02:11,967
governments are there to do the 

1928
01:02:11,967 --> 01:02:13,601
right thing for their people in 

1929
01:02:13,601 --> 01:02:14,834
the round, They’ve got to 

1930
01:02:14,834 --> 01:02:16,567
balance the scientific evidence 

1931
01:02:16,567 --> 01:02:18,934
and the scientific advice 

1932
01:02:18,934 --> 01:02:20,001
against the social economic 

1933
01:02:20,001 --> 01:02:21,201
reality school has been a 

1934
01:02:21,201 --> 01:02:22,035
perfect example. How much do we 

1935
01:02:22,035 --> 01:02:25,035
value? Our kids at school, we 

1936
01:02:25,035 --> 01:02:26,135
know it’s so important, 

1937
01:02:26,135 --> 01:02:27,701
therefore most governments are 

1938
01:02:27,701 --> 01:02:29,768
saying the last resort we’re 

1939
01:02:29,768 --> 01:02:32,435
gonna keep our schools open um 

1940
01:02:32,435 --> 01:02:34,934
because the value of keeping 

1941
01:02:34,934 --> 01:02:36,368
the schools open from our 

1942
01:02:36,368 --> 01:02:38,034
societal respective is so high 

1943
01:02:38,034 --> 01:02:39,368
if we have to shut other things 

1944
01:02:39,368 --> 01:02:42,068
down and we shut them down so 

1945
01:02:42,068 --> 01:02:44,534
in the end policy requires that 

1946
01:02:44,534 --> 01:02:47,067
sort of mixture of science and 

1947
01:02:47,067 --> 01:02:48,534
understanding communities and 

1948
01:02:48,534 --> 01:02:49,101
what they want and what they 

1949
01:02:49,101 --> 01:02:51,268
need and what’s good for them 

1950
01:02:51,268 --> 01:02:52,469
and having their voice in that 

1951
01:02:52,469 --> 01:02:55,634
process. So uh for me. We’re 

1952
01:02:55,634 --> 01:02:57,034
getting better. We’re not there 

1953
01:02:57,034 --> 01:02:59,535
yet we’re trying uh and 

1954
01:02:59,535 --> 01:03:00,900
everyone is having to adapt and 

1955
01:03:00,900 --> 01:03:02,435
learn and you know like in all 

1956
01:03:02,435 --> 01:03:04,001
evolutionary races those who 

1957
01:03:04,001 --> 01:03:08,034
are the fastest survive um or 

1958
01:03:08,034 --> 01:03:09,967
fit so we need to be uh able to 

1959
01:03:09,967 --> 01:03:11,467
do that as well as the virus. 

1960
01:03:11,467 --> 01:03:13,967
Thank you and I am before we 

1961
01:03:13,967 --> 01:03:15,467
close Maria few people already 

1962
01:03:15,467 --> 01:03:17,034
asking how they can register 

1963
01:03:17,034 --> 01:03:19,634
for the seminar tomorrow The 

1964
01:03:19,634 --> 01:03:22,334
sciences are online so we it is 

1965
01:03:22,334 --> 01:03:23,869
a registration uh if they can 

1966
01:03:23,869 --> 01:03:24,900
contact you then we can we can 

1967
01:03:24,900 --> 01:03:26,466
provide the link they have to 

1968
01:03:26,466 --> 01:03:27,801
register so we leave the link 

1969
01:03:27,801 --> 01:03:28,734
in the comments after the live 

1970
01:03:28,734 --> 01:03:31,834
and I have to find out on the 

1971
01:03:31,834 --> 01:03:33,202
platform that we are using if 

1972
01:03:33,202 --> 01:03:35,334
we have a limit, but we will 

1973
01:03:35,334 --> 01:03:36,901
double check on that. so the 

1974
01:03:36,901 --> 01:03:39,733
idea is you know again. What is 

1975
01:03:39,733 --> 01:03:40,967
really important is that we 

1976
01:03:40,967 --> 01:03:43,434
provide a mechanism for 

1977
01:03:43,434 --> 01:03:44,200
multi-disciplinary discussions. 

1978
01:03:44,200 --> 01:03:46,533
What we need is we have 

1979
01:03:46,533 --> 01:03:47,934
different technology different 

1980
01:03:47,934 --> 01:03:51,367
um backgrounds and different 

1981
01:03:51,367 --> 01:03:52,001
educations and different 

1982
01:03:52,001 --> 01:03:54,001
expertise coming and 

1983
01:03:54,001 --> 01:03:54,501
challenging all of these 

1984
01:03:54,501 --> 01:03:56,001
different assumptions. We can’t 

1985
01:03:56,001 --> 01:03:57,201
have single discussions with 

1986
01:03:57,201 --> 01:03:58,067
only one discipline we have to 

1987
01:03:58,067 --> 01:04:01,501
do it. Because people come with 

1988
01:04:01,501 --> 01:04:02,733
different questions, they have 

1989
01:04:02,733 --> 01:04:04,035
different viewpoints. They have 

1990
01:04:04,035 --> 01:04:05,567
different studies and that for 

1991
01:04:05,567 --> 01:04:08,034
us is really important. um so 

1992
01:04:08,034 --> 01:04:09,201
we will continue to do that. 

1993
01:04:09,201 --> 01:04:09,733
Mike says. We’re getting 

1994
01:04:09,733 --> 01:04:10,301
better. We’re we’re working on 

1995
01:04:10,301 --> 01:04:12,067
it. uh we’re not perfect and we 

1996
01:04:12,067 --> 01:04:13,869
know that um but we’re doing 

1997
01:04:13,869 --> 01:04:16,001
our best to make sure that we 

1998
01:04:16,001 --> 01:04:17,334
convene and bring people 

1999
01:04:17,334 --> 01:04:18,766
together. It’s our superpower. 

2000
01:04:18,766 --> 01:04:21,001
I think um and with 

2001
01:04:21,001 --> 01:04:22,368
technologies we can do it so 

2002
01:04:22,368 --> 01:04:23,834
quickly because we have the 

2003
01:04:23,834 --> 01:04:25,733
platforms and you know people 

2004
01:04:25,733 --> 01:04:27,367
can do from home and they can 

2005
01:04:27,367 --> 01:04:28,067
do from anywhere they have, but 

2006
01:04:28,067 --> 01:04:30,034
I do think it’s a good. Say we 

2007
01:04:30,034 --> 01:04:31,533
need to make sure that there’s 

2008
01:04:31,533 --> 01:04:33,434
internet connections and 

2009
01:04:33,434 --> 01:04:35,034
there’s electricity in all 

2010
01:04:35,034 --> 01:04:36,434
countries so that people have 

2011
01:04:36,434 --> 01:04:38,201
the opportunity to access this 

2012
01:04:38,201 --> 01:04:39,668
information. We are very 

2013
01:04:39,668 --> 01:04:41,801
privileged where we are to be 

2014
01:04:41,801 --> 01:04:42,967
able to do this and the 

2015
01:04:42,967 --> 01:04:44,501
countries that have that access 

2016
01:04:44,501 --> 01:04:46,200
can join in on these types of 

2017
01:04:46,200 --> 01:04:47,668
discussions If you’re not able 

2018
01:04:47,668 --> 01:04:48,735
to register, we will make sure 

2019
01:04:48,735 --> 01:04:49,967
that we have a summary of it so 

2020
01:04:49,967 --> 01:04:52,367
that you know what what was 

2021
01:04:52,367 --> 01:04:53,601
discussed there so I apologize 

2022
01:04:53,601 --> 01:04:55,467
in advance if we don’t reach 

2023
01:04:55,467 --> 01:04:56,666
everyone that wants to register 

2024
01:04:56,666 --> 01:04:58,067
for this, but we will make sure 

2025
01:04:58,067 --> 01:04:59,435
that we make that information 

2026
01:04:59,435 --> 01:04:59,935
available. the only thing we 

2027
01:04:59,935 --> 01:05:02,869
ask. Before anyone enjoying any 

2028
01:05:02,869 --> 01:05:04,034
of our meetings or engage with 

2029
01:05:04,034 --> 01:05:05,567
them, I say it to my own staff 

2030
01:05:05,567 --> 01:05:06,601
at times as well. The only 

2031
01:05:06,601 --> 01:05:08,034
thing you have to leave with 

2032
01:05:08,034 --> 01:05:09,567
the virtual door is your ego 

2033
01:05:09,567 --> 01:05:12,601
and 

2034
01:05:13,201 --> 01:05:15,034
your ideologies. Oh welcome we 

2035
01:05:15,034 --> 01:05:17,067
we need to engage respectful 

2036
01:05:17,067 --> 01:05:18,934
discourse. No idea is a bad 

2037
01:05:18,934 --> 01:05:22,567
idea. uh at all of our 

2038
01:05:22,567 --> 01:05:23,268
hypothesis all of our work. All 

2039
01:05:23,268 --> 01:05:25,001
of the data should be looked 

2040
01:05:25,001 --> 01:05:25,801
at, but we need to understand 

2041
01:05:25,801 --> 01:05:26,867
that as that emerges, we have 

2042
01:05:26,867 --> 01:05:29,135
to try and build consensus 

2043
01:05:29,135 --> 01:05:29,801
around what that means and it’s 

2044
01:05:29,801 --> 01:05:32,535
the same like in. Family. I am 

2045
01:05:32,535 --> 01:05:35,801
my view your view uh but in the 

2046
01:05:35,801 --> 01:05:37,133
end we move forward when we 

2047
01:05:37,133 --> 01:05:38,734
kind of a consensus as a family 

2048
01:05:38,734 --> 01:05:39,733
of what that actually means and 

2049
01:05:39,733 --> 01:05:41,367
the decision we make to move 

2050
01:05:41,367 --> 01:05:43,733
forward using the best evidence 

2051
01:05:43,733 --> 01:05:47,135
we have uh and in that sense. 

2052
01:05:47,135 --> 01:05:48,001
that’s what we’re trying to do 

2053
01:05:48,001 --> 01:05:50,001
who tries to act as a conveyor 

2054
01:05:50,001 --> 01:05:51,333
uh bringing people together to 

2055
01:05:51,333 --> 01:05:52,567
reach consensus on very 

2056
01:05:52,567 --> 01:05:53,967
important issues. And that’s 

2057
01:05:53,967 --> 01:05:55,601
why he always talks about our 

2058
01:05:55,601 --> 01:05:57,967
partners and our networks. Uh 

2059
01:05:57,967 --> 01:05:59,735
we’re we recognize more than 

2060
01:05:59,735 --> 01:06:01,333
anyone that no one institution. 

2061
01:06:01,333 --> 01:06:02,001
No one individual has all of 

2062
01:06:02,001 --> 01:06:04,734
the capacity. With the complex 

2063
01:06:04,734 --> 01:06:08,435
is this um and we need those 

2064
01:06:08,435 --> 01:06:09,067
partners out there, those 

2065
01:06:09,067 --> 01:06:11,333
thousands and thousands of 

2066
01:06:11,333 --> 01:06:13,001
scientists in different fields 

2067
01:06:13,001 --> 01:06:15,034
from engineering to 

2068
01:06:15,034 --> 01:06:16,467
architecture to lab to clinical 

2069
01:06:16,467 --> 01:06:19,367
uh with so many socio uh social 

2070
01:06:19,367 --> 01:06:20,901
uh anthropology so many other 

2071
01:06:20,901 --> 01:06:22,934
fields of science and it 

2072
01:06:22,934 --> 01:06:24,700
requires everybody to be part 

2073
01:06:24,700 --> 01:06:27,367
of the uh to be part of the 

2074
01:06:27,367 --> 01:06:28,934
solution. Now. thank you very 

2075
01:06:28,934 --> 01:06:31,334
much. uh it was a great session 

2076
01:06:31,334 --> 01:06:32,735
and thank you for taking all 

2077
01:06:32,735 --> 01:06:34,034
these questions. There are more 

2078
01:06:34,034 --> 01:06:35,535
coming but we’ll we’ll answer 

2079
01:06:35,535 --> 01:06:37,069
next week. Uh we’ve been 

2080
01:06:37,069 --> 01:06:41,234
watched. Uh from all of it I 

2081
01:06:41,234 --> 01:06:42,401
didn’t say happy birthday. 

2082
01:06:42,401 --> 01:06:43,901
Thank you. Thank you so much 

2083
01:06:43,901 --> 01:06:46,635
but I know uh your dad is in 

2084
01:06:46,635 --> 01:06:49,969
hospital uh and I know how much 

2085
01:06:49,969 --> 01:06:51,568
uh she means to you. So I’m 

2086
01:06:51,568 --> 01:06:53,435
sure she’s not watching this 

2087
01:06:53,435 --> 01:06:55,401
right now, hopefully not but uh 

2088
01:06:55,401 --> 01:06:56,901
we’re thinking over to. but 

2089
01:06:56,901 --> 01:06:58,635
Alex is great because she’s uh 

2090
01:06:58,635 --> 01:06:59,835
very close to her Grandma and 

2091
01:06:59,835 --> 01:07:00,967
it’s tough. These are the 

2092
01:07:00,967 --> 01:07:02,001
moments when it’s tough to do 

2093
01:07:02,001 --> 01:07:02,701
our jobs when we’re worried 

2094
01:07:02,701 --> 01:07:03,835
about our loved ones. so many 

2095
01:07:03,835 --> 01:07:05,835
of you out there, in fact to do 

2096
01:07:05,835 --> 01:07:06,968
the same go to work, do your 

2097
01:07:06,968 --> 01:07:07,569
stuff while worried about 

2098
01:07:07,569 --> 01:07:11,434
people. Who’ve been sick for 

2099
01:07:11,434 --> 01:07:13,068
any given number of reasons and 

2100
01:07:13,068 --> 01:07:15,501
uh so uh we’re all wishing her 

2101
01:07:15,501 --> 01:07:18,434
and you the best uh today. 

2102
01:07:18,434 --> 01:07:20,468
Thank you. Thank you Mike and 

2103
01:07:20,468 --> 01:07:21,133
um as we’ve been watching from 

2104
01:07:21,133 --> 01:07:22,635
all over the world and speaking 

2105
01:07:22,635 --> 01:07:25,201
of other populations and health 

2106
01:07:25,201 --> 01:07:27,601
workers that Maria mentioned, I 

2107
01:07:27,601 --> 01:07:29,201
would also like to remind 

2108
01:07:29,201 --> 01:07:30,601
everyone that again this week 

2109
01:07:30,601 --> 01:07:32,834
when during the closing of the 

2110
01:07:32,834 --> 01:07:34,034
Executive Board, our director 

2111
01:07:34,034 --> 01:07:36,034
general doctors invited 

2112
01:07:36,034 --> 01:07:36,833
countries uh to work together 

2113
01:07:36,833 --> 01:07:39,367
and to. Sure that health 

2114
01:07:39,367 --> 01:07:40,867
workers and vulnerable 

2115
01:07:40,867 --> 01:07:42,001
populations are vaccinated 

2116
01:07:42,001 --> 01:07:44,034
everywhere calling on vaccine 

2117
01:07:44,034 --> 01:07:46,034
equity and if you have any 

2118
01:07:46,034 --> 01:07:49,100
closing comment on that call as 

2119
01:07:49,100 --> 01:07:50,467
well, I think would be a nice 

2120
01:07:50,467 --> 01:07:55,368
way to end this session. 

2121
01:07:57,001 --> 01:08:01,068
No III think this is key and uh 

2122
01:08:01,068 --> 01:08:01,635
everything is good and thank 

2123
01:08:01,635 --> 01:08:03,867
you uh for reminding us that 

2124
01:08:03,867 --> 01:08:05,634
this is uh now more than a 

2125
01:08:05,634 --> 01:08:07,034
scientific or a financial 

2126
01:08:07,034 --> 01:08:08,933
challenge or a manufacturing 

2127
01:08:08,933 --> 01:08:10,634
challenge is all those 

2128
01:08:10,634 --> 01:08:12,067
challenges exist. There are 

2129
01:08:12,067 --> 01:08:13,435
limitations and supply There 

2130
01:08:13,435 --> 01:08:14,568
are limitations of 

2131
01:08:14,568 --> 01:08:15,301
manufacturing, governments and 

2132
01:08:15,301 --> 01:08:17,067
others are under pressure to 

2133
01:08:17,067 --> 01:08:18,334
serve their own communities. 

2134
01:08:18,334 --> 01:08:21,234
First, It’s not easy. It isn’t 

2135
01:08:21,234 --> 01:08:25,067
easy but we cannot have a 

2136
01:08:25,067 --> 01:08:26,768
situation We simply cannot have 

2137
01:08:26,768 --> 01:08:29,201
a situation where. Workers 

2138
01:08:29,201 --> 01:08:30,733
health workers risking their 

2139
01:08:30,733 --> 01:08:32,633
lives everyday and the most 

2140
01:08:32,633 --> 01:08:34,702
vulnerable people are not 

2141
01:08:34,702 --> 01:08:37,034
accessing vaccine if we reach a 

2142
01:08:37,034 --> 01:08:38,334
situation in the developed 

2143
01:08:38,334 --> 01:08:39,901
world, we’re perfectly healthy 

2144
01:08:39,901 --> 01:08:41,034
people have been vaccinated and 

2145
01:08:41,034 --> 01:08:42,067
those front line workers and 

2146
01:08:42,067 --> 01:08:43,435
vulnerable people are not it is 

2147
01:08:43,435 --> 01:08:45,634
not fair. It is simply not 

2148
01:08:45,634 --> 01:08:49,167
fair. But more importantly, 

2149
01:08:49,167 --> 01:08:51,501
unless we start to bring all 

2150
01:08:51,501 --> 01:08:53,102
countries out of this, we won’t 

2151
01:08:53,102 --> 01:08:55,534
recover together there will be 

2152
01:08:55,534 --> 01:08:57,067
long-term economic impacts that 

2153
01:08:57,067 --> 01:08:59,534
we leave countries behind and 

2154
01:08:59,534 --> 01:09:01,968
keep saying you know we’re all 

2155
01:09:01,968 --> 01:09:03,801
in this together that has 

2156
01:09:03,801 --> 01:09:05,200
meaning no one is safe to 

2157
01:09:05,200 --> 01:09:06,601
everyone safe. I know we’re 

2158
01:09:06,601 --> 01:09:07,567
sick of hearing these things, 

2159
01:09:07,567 --> 01:09:09,201
but these things are true but 

2160
01:09:09,201 --> 01:09:11,101
beyond the issue of fairness 

2161
01:09:11,101 --> 01:09:12,734
and beyond the issue of getting 

2162
01:09:12,734 --> 01:09:14,067
us out of this quicker by 

2163
01:09:14,067 --> 01:09:14,933
taking that course we need to 

2164
01:09:14,933 --> 01:09:18,568
look at ourselves. We wanna 

2165
01:09:18,568 --> 01:09:22,068
make this healthy again we 

2166
01:09:22,068 --> 01:09:23,467
wanna create a fair society 

2167
01:09:23,467 --> 01:09:24,835
we’ve seen things over the last 

2168
01:09:24,835 --> 01:09:26,200
number of years that that scare 

2169
01:09:26,200 --> 01:09:28,600
us all for the this pandemic 

2170
01:09:28,600 --> 01:09:32,701
climate change racism uh you 

2171
01:09:32,701 --> 01:09:38,334
know um uh and we simply need 

2172
01:09:38,334 --> 01:09:40,367
to now start doing the things 

2173
01:09:40,367 --> 01:09:42,433
that turn the tide on that. 

2174
01:09:42,433 --> 01:09:43,501
This is one of the first 

2175
01:09:43,501 --> 01:09:44,969
opportunities we have this 

2176
01:09:44,969 --> 01:09:47,133
century to send a signal. To 

2177
01:09:47,133 --> 01:09:49,901
the future of this will be a 

2178
01:09:49,901 --> 01:09:52,035
fair world, we will share more 

2179
01:09:52,035 --> 01:09:53,635
uh we will do more together to 

2180
01:09:53,635 --> 01:09:55,001
make our planet on our 

2181
01:09:55,001 --> 01:09:56,433
environment and our populations 

2182
01:09:56,433 --> 01:09:58,501
healthy. This is a chance for 

2183
01:09:58,501 --> 01:10:00,034
us not only to do the right 

2184
01:10:00,034 --> 01:10:02,567
thing but to do the smart thing 

2185
01:10:02,567 --> 01:10:05,601
and we all need to step back 

2186
01:10:05,601 --> 01:10:06,634
cuz everyone has a vote 

2187
01:10:06,634 --> 01:10:08,034
everyone out there will some of 

2188
01:10:08,034 --> 01:10:11,168
you uh may not have a balls, 

2189
01:10:11,168 --> 01:10:13,569
but you have a voice. You need 

2190
01:10:13,569 --> 01:10:15,968
to at the end of the day, 

2191
01:10:15,968 --> 01:10:16,867
Governments make decisions 

2192
01:10:16,867 --> 01:10:18,768
based on what their citizens 

2193
01:10:18,768 --> 01:10:19,935
say to them. so what our 

2194
01:10:19,935 --> 01:10:21,568
citizens saying to their 

2195
01:10:21,568 --> 01:10:22,868
governments today are they 

2196
01:10:22,868 --> 01:10:24,369
saying, let’s take a little bit 

2197
01:10:24,369 --> 01:10:26,634
of what we have and let’s share 

2198
01:10:26,634 --> 01:10:28,933
that now let’s share like now 

2199
01:10:28,933 --> 01:10:29,835
to be sure that those most at 

2200
01:10:29,835 --> 01:10:31,000
risk those most on the front 

2201
01:10:31,000 --> 01:10:33,534
line of rave is the most 

2202
01:10:33,534 --> 01:10:34,801
courageous of us all get 

2203
01:10:34,801 --> 01:10:37,101
covered and get protected and 

2204
01:10:37,101 --> 01:10:38,034
that those are most likely to 

2205
01:10:38,034 --> 01:10:40,234
die. those who are most likely 

2206
01:10:40,234 --> 01:10:42,067
to suffer can be protected and 

2207
01:10:42,067 --> 01:10:44,167
then we get on with protecting 

2208
01:10:44,167 --> 01:10:46,834
everyone else and we wait. Turn 

2209
01:10:46,834 --> 01:10:49,769
And each and every citizen has 

2210
01:10:49,769 --> 01:10:52,467
the opportunity to write to the 

2211
01:10:52,467 --> 01:10:53,967
represents to pick up the phone 

2212
01:10:53,967 --> 01:10:56,467
to do whatever it takes to say 

2213
01:10:56,467 --> 01:10:58,067
let’s do this fairly let’s take 

2214
01:10:58,067 --> 01:11:00,466
a first step to a fair planet 

2215
01:11:00,466 --> 01:11:02,033
We can do it. We can do it and 

2216
01:11:02,033 --> 01:11:03,366
I know the governments want to 

2217
01:11:03,366 --> 01:11:05,399
do that and there are great 

2218
01:11:05,399 --> 01:11:05,866
servants. They are great 

2219
01:11:05,866 --> 01:11:07,399
leaders who’ve laid out on 

2220
01:11:07,399 --> 01:11:09,632
trying to make this an 

2221
01:11:09,632 --> 01:11:10,999
equitable process. um some 

2222
01:11:10,999 --> 01:11:12,765
great leaders out there who’ve 

2223
01:11:12,765 --> 01:11:13,566
been driving on this, but it’s 

2224
01:11:13,566 --> 01:11:15,699
hard for all of you. To do that 

2225
01:11:15,699 --> 01:11:17,166
if if they perceive that 

2226
01:11:17,166 --> 01:11:19,367
populations don’t want them to 

2227
01:11:19,367 --> 01:11:20,998
do that. so we have to allow 

2228
01:11:20,998 --> 01:11:22,299
our leaders to make those right 

2229
01:11:22,299 --> 01:11:23,999
decisions So let’s it’s not 

2230
01:11:23,999 --> 01:11:27,066
everything It’s a small amount 

2231
01:11:27,066 --> 01:11:28,066
we just gotta share a little 

2232
01:11:28,066 --> 01:11:30,199
bit to make it fair and in 

2233
01:11:30,199 --> 01:11:31,599
doing that, we’ll we’ll we’ll 

2234
01:11:31,599 --> 01:11:33,332
we’ll end the problem quicker 

2235
01:11:33,332 --> 01:11:35,299
so it’s not only good. It’s 

2236
01:11:35,299 --> 01:11:36,599
smart. so I’m sorry. I’m going 

2237
01:11:36,599 --> 01:11:38,065
on a bit, but it was so good 

2238
01:11:38,065 --> 01:11:39,465
that you raised the issue 

2239
01:11:39,465 --> 01:11:41,999
because uh uh vaccines are a 

2240
01:11:41,999 --> 01:11:43,433
thing and we don’t know for 

2241
01:11:43,433 --> 01:11:44,065
sure yet if they’re gonna 

2242
01:11:44,065 --> 01:11:46,565
completely. But what we do know 

2243
01:11:46,565 --> 01:11:48,998
is that stop people dying that 

2244
01:11:48,998 --> 01:11:50,566
stop the horror of the 

2245
01:11:50,566 --> 01:11:51,367
ventilation and the ventilators 

2246
01:11:51,367 --> 01:11:52,999
they’ll they’ll take the 

2247
01:11:52,999 --> 01:11:54,066
pressure of our health system 

2248
01:11:54,066 --> 01:11:55,032
and they’ll mean the smaller 

2249
01:11:55,032 --> 01:11:56,232
number of people who might get 

2250
01:11:56,232 --> 01:11:58,666
sick will get better care and 

2251
01:11:58,666 --> 01:11:59,899
and they will survive because 

2252
01:11:59,899 --> 01:12:01,067
Therapeutics will be more 

2253
01:12:01,067 --> 01:12:01,668
available and the doctors and 

2254
01:12:01,668 --> 01:12:03,034
nurses will be more rested and 

2255
01:12:03,034 --> 01:12:05,435
the beds will be less pressure 

2256
01:12:05,435 --> 01:12:07,235
so the secondary effect is 

2257
01:12:07,235 --> 01:12:08,100
there as well, So nothing is 

2258
01:12:08,100 --> 01:12:09,433
more important. right now we 

2259
01:12:09,433 --> 01:12:11,067
gotta check attractive areas we 

2260
01:12:11,067 --> 01:12:13,467
gotta do what we do everyday 

2261
01:12:13,467 --> 01:12:14,567
and we gotta work on these 

2262
01:12:14,567 --> 01:12:15,635
vaccines and I think I’m we’re 

2263
01:12:15,635 --> 01:12:18,167
seeing. On that, we’re seeing 

2264
01:12:18,167 --> 01:12:20,434
genuine efforts beginning to 

2265
01:12:20,434 --> 01:12:22,067
emerge to do that uh and many 

2266
01:12:22,067 --> 01:12:23,769
leaders are coming together 

2267
01:12:23,769 --> 01:12:25,201
around this and uh we will uh 

2268
01:12:25,201 --> 01:12:26,768
we will continue to do our bit 

2269
01:12:26,768 --> 01:12:29,268
and you know doctors every time 

2270
01:12:29,268 --> 01:12:31,334
he gets a chance. This is what 

2271
01:12:31,334 --> 01:12:34,167
he’s been he’s been saying and 

2272
01:12:34,167 --> 01:12:35,367
uh he’s our full support of 

2273
01:12:35,367 --> 01:12:38,034
staff and we will wait in line 

2274
01:12:38,034 --> 01:12:40,868
we will um we will weigh our 

2275
01:12:40,868 --> 01:12:42,566
turns uh that’s what I wrote 

2276
01:12:42,566 --> 01:12:43,802
down when you ask that 

2277
01:12:43,802 --> 01:12:45,068
question. That’s exactly what I 

2278
01:12:45,068 --> 01:12:46,501
wrote down is we will wait our 

2279
01:12:46,501 --> 01:12:48,501
turn because there is nothing. 

2280
01:12:48,501 --> 01:12:50,068
Critical right now than 

2281
01:12:50,068 --> 01:12:51,301
protecting our front line 

2282
01:12:51,301 --> 01:12:52,600
workers and protecting those 

2283
01:12:52,600 --> 01:12:54,067
who are most at risk, There is 

2284
01:12:54,067 --> 01:12:55,433
nothing more important. It’s 

2285
01:12:55,433 --> 01:12:56,800
beyond words. It’s beyond 

2286
01:12:56,800 --> 01:12:57,834
policies. It’s about 

2287
01:12:57,834 --> 01:12:59,233
implementing those policies and 

2288
01:12:59,233 --> 01:13:01,933
I agree with Mike that we have 

2289
01:13:01,933 --> 01:13:04,032
a voice we all within the 

2290
01:13:04,032 --> 01:13:05,767
places where we live have an 

2291
01:13:05,767 --> 01:13:06,832
opportunity to say that we 

2292
01:13:06,832 --> 01:13:08,331
support that we will wait our 

2293
01:13:08,331 --> 01:13:10,032
turn and we will use everything 

2294
01:13:10,032 --> 01:13:12,031
else at our disposal to keep 

2295
01:13:12,031 --> 01:13:13,399
ourselves safe. It doesn’t mean 

2296
01:13:13,399 --> 01:13:14,898
that we’re putting ourselves at 

2297
01:13:14,898 --> 01:13:16,664
risk. It means we are 

2298
01:13:16,664 --> 01:13:17,599
prioritizing those who need it 

2299
01:13:17,599 --> 01:13:20,432
most. Those who are caring for 

2300
01:13:20,432 --> 01:13:21,966
our loved ones who are in 

2301
01:13:21,966 --> 01:13:23,999
hospital those who are putting 

2302
01:13:23,999 --> 01:13:26,832
themselves at risk for caring 

2303
01:13:26,832 --> 01:13:28,333
for coveted patients everyday 

2304
01:13:28,333 --> 01:13:29,466
and they did this without a 

2305
01:13:29,466 --> 01:13:31,233
vaccine. They did this because 

2306
01:13:31,233 --> 01:13:32,632
this is their job. We are 

2307
01:13:32,632 --> 01:13:34,933
seeing people all over in 

2308
01:13:34,933 --> 01:13:36,733
High-income countries show show 

2309
01:13:36,733 --> 01:13:39,000
that of that vaccination card. 

2310
01:13:39,000 --> 01:13:40,399
You know the first vaccine and 

2311
01:13:40,399 --> 01:13:42,466
the second vaccine I wanna see 

2312
01:13:42,466 --> 01:13:44,566
that all over the world It’s 

2313
01:13:44,566 --> 01:13:46,632
wonderful and I’m so grateful 

2314
01:13:46,632 --> 01:13:47,566
that vaccines are rolling out 

2315
01:13:47,566 --> 01:13:48,766
in in countries, but that has 

2316
01:13:48,766 --> 01:13:51,533
to happen all over the world. 

2317
01:13:51,533 --> 01:13:53,166
And our front line workers 

2318
01:13:53,166 --> 01:13:56,499
deserve the most respect and 

2319
01:13:56,499 --> 01:13:57,266
dignity and protection that we 

2320
01:13:57,266 --> 01:13:59,232
can give them and right now we 

2321
01:13:59,232 --> 01:14:01,232
can do do that. we 

2322
01:14:01,232 --> 01:14:03,098
wholeheartedly support making 

2323
01:14:03,098 --> 01:14:04,465
sure that front line workers 

2324
01:14:04,465 --> 01:14:05,032
and those that are most 

2325
01:14:05,032 --> 01:14:06,898
vulnerable. get this vaccine 

2326
01:14:06,898 --> 01:14:09,033
first and we will wait our turn 

2327
01:14:09,033 --> 01:14:11,432
just one example for my own 

2328
01:14:11,432 --> 01:14:13,232
personal life. I’ve done lots 

2329
01:14:13,232 --> 01:14:15,498
and lots of outbreaks and it’s 

2330
01:14:15,498 --> 01:14:17,931
been maybe a year. I’m total in 

2331
01:14:17,931 --> 01:14:19,566
Congo over the last 2 years uh 

2332
01:14:19,566 --> 01:14:21,698
in the front. Of the Ebola 

2333
01:14:21,698 --> 01:14:25,232
response, uh I’m not vaccinated 

2334
01:14:25,232 --> 01:14:26,633
against the ball. I did not 

2335
01:14:26,633 --> 01:14:29,533
take the vaccine we had limited 

2336
01:14:29,533 --> 01:14:31,167
supplies of waxing. I was 

2337
01:14:31,167 --> 01:14:32,199
coordinating. I wasn’t in the 

2338
01:14:32,199 --> 01:14:33,365
front line as a worker. I 

2339
01:14:33,365 --> 01:14:35,065
wasn’t in the villages being 

2340
01:14:35,065 --> 01:14:37,233
exposed to the virus I did not 

2341
01:14:37,233 --> 01:14:40,032
want to have a dose of vaccine 

2342
01:14:40,032 --> 01:14:41,965
because I wasn’t part of the 

2343
01:14:41,965 --> 01:14:42,998
solution controlling the 

2344
01:14:42,998 --> 01:14:43,931
outbreak was not about 

2345
01:14:43,931 --> 01:14:45,533
vaccinating me. It was what 

2346
01:14:45,533 --> 01:14:46,599
vaccinating those health 

2347
01:14:46,599 --> 01:14:47,899
workers so we didn’t have 

2348
01:14:47,899 --> 01:14:49,531
clusters in the hospitals was 

2349
01:14:49,531 --> 01:14:50,632
what vaccinating communities so 

2350
01:14:50,632 --> 01:14:51,966
we didn’t have explosions over 

2351
01:14:51,966 --> 01:14:55,499
cases. Wasn’t about me and it 

2352
01:14:55,499 --> 01:14:56,498
doesn’t make me a good person. 

2353
01:14:56,498 --> 01:14:57,832
It makes me smart person 

2354
01:14:57,832 --> 01:14:59,167
knowing vaccinating me was 

2355
01:14:59,167 --> 01:15:01,568
doing no good for the for the 

2356
01:15:01,568 --> 01:15:02,200
outbreak, but it was also 

2357
01:15:02,200 --> 01:15:03,767
potentially using a precious 

2358
01:15:03,767 --> 01:15:07,102
dose of vaccine and we had very 

2359
01:15:07,102 --> 01:15:08,634
limited supplies um and I think 

2360
01:15:08,634 --> 01:15:11,135
all of us need to examine 

2361
01:15:11,135 --> 01:15:12,769
ourselves and where we sit in 

2362
01:15:12,769 --> 01:15:15,401
that line in that queue um and 

2363
01:15:15,401 --> 01:15:17,435
are we prepared to take two 

2364
01:15:17,435 --> 01:15:19,300
steps back in the line just so 

2365
01:15:19,300 --> 01:15:20,034
someone else can step in front 

2366
01:15:20,034 --> 01:15:21,701
of us cuz that’s what it is, 

2367
01:15:21,701 --> 01:15:24,701
but that’s what it is. And I 

2368
01:15:24,701 --> 01:15:25,867
think we are, I think we’re 

2369
01:15:25,867 --> 01:15:27,401
better than I think we’re good, 

2370
01:15:27,401 --> 01:15:29,235
You know I’ve had my incurable 

2371
01:15:29,235 --> 01:15:31,467
activists kicking in and uh 

2372
01:15:31,467 --> 01:15:34,234
willing to have a chat once 

2373
01:15:34,234 --> 01:15:35,568
more. but this time around, I 

2374
01:15:35,568 --> 01:15:37,368
just hope that we can see our 

2375
01:15:37,368 --> 01:15:39,001
way to that uh and I think we 

2376
01:15:39,001 --> 01:15:39,967
can. I think we can see me on 

2377
01:15:39,967 --> 01:15:40,700
this and you see good leaders 

2378
01:15:40,700 --> 01:15:41,501
around the world really driving 

2379
01:15:41,501 --> 01:15:43,434
on that the messaging I think 

2380
01:15:43,434 --> 01:15:45,369
it’s a growing momentum and we 

2381
01:15:45,369 --> 01:15:46,367
need to create a movement 

2382
01:15:46,367 --> 01:15:50,201
around this and I say to young 

2383
01:15:50,201 --> 01:15:51,001
people out there. This is if 

2384
01:15:51,001 --> 01:15:52,234
this is your moment you know 

2385
01:15:52,234 --> 01:15:55,033
this. Your moment so thank you 

2386
01:15:55,033 --> 01:15:57,701
very much. I have nothing else 

2387
01:15:57,701 --> 01:15:59,035
to add. That’s the call for 

2388
01:15:59,035 --> 01:16:02,365
vaccine equity equity is out um 

2389
01:16:02,365 --> 01:16:04,933
not just for leaders and um 

2390
01:16:04,933 --> 01:16:06,933
those who have vaccines at the 

2391
01:16:06,933 --> 01:16:09,032
moment, but for all of us in 

2392
01:16:09,032 --> 01:16:10,466
the world and everywhere, at 

2393
01:16:10,466 --> 01:16:13,399
least to raise our voice and to 

2394
01:16:13,399 --> 01:16:15,100
our turn. Thank you everyone. 

2395
01:16:15,100 --> 01:16:16,965
Thank you everyone for watching 

2396
01:16:16,965 --> 01:16:18,866
us. We’ve been overtime so 

2397
01:16:18,866 --> 01:16:21,367
please stay safe until next 

2398
01:16:21,367 --> 01:16:23,133
week and um we will share 

2399
01:16:23,133 --> 01:16:24,065
information about the seminar 

2400
01:16:24,065 --> 01:16:25,832
in the in the comment section 

2401
01:16:25,832 --> 01:16:26,232
below the live across 

2402
01:16:26,232 --> 01:16:31,133
platforms. Thank you. Much.